Table 3.

Treatments and modifications of the growth medium that modulate the survival of propionibacteria, bifidobacteria, and lactobacilli under technological and digestive stresses.

Adaptation	Effect	Technological stress or digestion	Bacteria	References	Corresponding number in the figures
Acid adaptation	+	Acid stress (pH = 2)	L.acasei	Broadbent et al., 2010	19∗
Acid adaptation	+	Acid stress (pH = 2)	P.b freudenreichii	Jan et al., 2000, 2002	52, 53
Acid adaptation	-	Bile salt stress (1g.L-1)	P. freudenreichii	Leverrier et al., 2004	34
Acid adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Li et al., 2009	25
Acid adaptation	-	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Schoug et al., 2008	47
Acid adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. reuteri	Palmfeldt and Hahn-Hägerdal, 2000; Koch et al., 2008	54, 55
Acid adaptation	-	Freeze-drying	L. rhamnosus	Ampatzoglou et al., 2010	56
Acid adaptation	+	Spray-drying	L. delbrueckii	Silva et al., 2005	44
Acid adaptation	0	Storage (SD)	L. delbrueckii	Silva et al., 2005	44
Cold + acid adaptation	-	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Schoug et al., 2008	47
Cold + acid adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Li et al., 2009	25
Acid + heat adaptation	+	Acid stress (pH = 3,5 in Synthetic Gastric Fluid)	B.c lactis	Maus and Ingham, 2003	57
Acid + heat adaptation	0	Acid stress (pH = 3,5 in Synthetic Gastric Fluid)	B. longum	Maus and Ingham, 2003	57
Addition of mannose	+	Freeze-drying	L. delbrueckii	Carvalho et al., 2008	58
Addition of mannose	+	Storage (FD)	L. delbrueckii	Carvalho et al., 2008	58
Addition of trehalose	0	Freeze-drying	L. salivarius	Zayed and Roos, 2004	59
Addition of glutamate	0	Freeze-drying	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of glutamate	0	Spray-drying	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of glutamate	0	Storage (FD)	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of glutamate	+	Storage (SD)	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of sucrose	0	Freeze-drying	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of sucrose	0	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Carvalho et al., 2003	60
Addition of sucrose	0	Spray-drying	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of sucrose	+	Storage (SD)	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Addition of sucrose	0	Storage (FD)	L. sakei	Ferreira et al., 2005	3
Bile salt adaptation	+	Bile salt stress (1 g.L-1)	P. freudenreichii	Jan et al., 2002; Leverrier et al., 2003, 2004	53, 61, 34
Cold adaptation	-	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Schoug et al., 2008	47
Heat adaptation	+	Acid stress (pH = 2)	P. freudenreichii	Jan et al., 2000, 2002	52, 53
Heat adaptation	+	Bile salt stress (1 g.L-1)	P. freudenreichii	Leverrier et al., 2004	34
Heat adaptation	0	Freeze-drying	L. acidophilus	Paéz et al., 2012	62
Heat adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Li et al., 2009	25
Heat adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. casei	Paéz et al., 2012	62
Heat adaptation	0	Freeze-drying	L. coryniformis	Schoug et al., 2008	47
Heat adaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. plantarum	Paéz et al., 2012	62
Heat adaptation	+	Spray-drying	L. paracasei	Desmond et al., 2001	63
Heat adaptation	0	Storage (FD)	L. acidophilus	Paéz et al., 2012	61
Heat adaptation	0	Storage (FD)	L. casei	Paéz et al., 2012	61
Heat adaptation	+	Storage (FD)	L. plantarum	Paéz et al., 2012	61
Osmoadaptation	+	Acid stress (pH = 2)	P. freudenreichii	Jan et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2016b	6, 51
Osmoadaptation	+	Bile salt stress (1 g.L-1)	P. freudenreichii	Huang et al., 2016b	6
Osmoadaptation	+	Freeze-drying	L. bulgaricus	Carvalho et al., 2003	60
Osmoadaptation	+	Spray-drying	L. paracasei	Desmond et al., 2001	63
Osmoadaptation	+	Spray-drying	P. freudenreichii	Huang et al., 2016b	6
Osmoadaptation	+	Storage (FD)	L. bulgaricus	Carvalho et al., 2003	60
Oxidative adaptation	+	Spray-drying	L. paracasei	Desmond et al., 2001	63
Spray-dried	+	Digestion	L. acidophilus	Paéz et al., 2012	61
Spray-dried	+	Digestion	L. casei	Paéz et al., 2012	61

⁺ indicates an improvement of survival. ^- indicates a decrease of survival. ⁰ indicates no effect on survival. ^∗ indicates a cited reference. ^aLactobacillus. ^bPropionibacterium. ^c Bifidobacterium.