Table 3.

CYP51-related and CYP51-unrelated drug resistance.

Resistance type	Mechanism	Gene(s) involved	Transcription factor(s) involved	Species	References
CYP51 Related	Drug-target point mutation	CYP51		C. albicans; C. tropicalis; C. krusei; C. glabrata; C. auris; C. parapsilosis; C. neoformans; C. gatti; A. fumigatus; A. flavus; S. apiospermum; T. asahii	1
	Regulation of drug target		Upc2; SREBPs	C. albicans; C. neoformans; A. fumigatus	2
	Genomic plasticity	CYP51	Upc2;	C. albicans; C. glabrata; C. neoformans	3
	Promoter Tandem Repeats	CYP51		A. fumigatus	4
CYP51 Unrelated	Efflux pump	CDR1;CDR2;MDR1	Tac1;Mrr1	C. albicans; C. glabrata; C. krusei; C. neoformans; A. fumigatus	5
	Compensatory ergosterol biosynthesis	ERG3	Upc2	C. albicans; C. tropicalis; C. parapsilosis	6
	Genomic plasticity		Tac1	C. albicans	7
	Biofilm formation			C. albicans; C. glabrata; C. parapsilosis; C. dubiliensis; C. tropicalis; C. neoformans; T. asahii; A. fumigatus	8
	Activation of Stress Response Passway	HSP90;PKC1; Calcineurin;TOR		C. albicans; C. glabrata; C. neoformans A. terreus A. terreus; A. fumigatus; Paecilomyces variotii; Mucor spp.	9

1: Albarrag et al., 2011; Becher and Wirsel, 2012; Gast et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2016; Kushima et al., 2017; Lockhart et al., 2017; Bernhardt et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018. 2: Willger et al., 2008; Chang et al., 2009; Flowers et al., 2012; Whaley et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2016; Pais et al., 2016. 3: Kwon-Chung and Chang, 2012; Parker et al., 2014. 4: Spiess et al., 2014; Gsaller et al., 2016. 5: Cannon et al., 2009. 6: Martel et al., 2010; Eddouzi et al., 2013; Branco et al., 2017. 7: Morio et al., 2017. 8: Desai et al., 2014. 9: Wong et al., 1998; Cruz et al., 2001; Blankenship et al., 2003; Cowen et al., 2009; Singh-Babak et al., 2012; Lamoth et al., 2015.