Table 1.
Myeloid cell populations in humans and mice.
| Myeloid population | Murine markers | Human markers | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Myeloid-derived dendritic cell | CD11b+ MHCII+ CD11c+ CD103+/− |
CD11c+ HLA-DR+ |
Tolerogenic in nature; Upon injury may adopt an inflammatory phenotype; Functional role in liver disease ill-defined |
| Kupffer cells | CD11b+ CD68+ F4/80++ CLEC4f+ TIM4+ CX3CR1− TLR4+ TLR9+ CRIg+ |
CD68+ CD14+ TLR4+ CX3 CR1− |
Promote tolerance under steady-state conditions to restrict immune response against food-borne antigens; Activated during tissue damage; main source of cytokines / chemokines governing local inflammation |
| Myeloid derived suppressor cells | CD11b+ Ly6C+ |
CD14+ HLA-DR+/− CD33+ |
Immunosuppressive; Facilitate HCC growth by dampening T-cell activity |
| Monocyte derived macrophage | CD11b+ Ly6C+/− F4/80+/− CCR2+ CX3CR1+ CD64+ |
CD14+ CCR2+ CD16+/− |
See subsets below |
| Inflammatory macrophage | Ly6Chigh CD11b+ CCR2++ CX3CR1+ iNOS+ TNF+ |
CD14++ CD16− CLEC5A+ S100A9+ |
Pro-inflammatory, massively recruited during liver injury; elicits tissue damage; drive fibrogenesis by maintaining inflammation and activating fibrosis effector cells; can undergo phenotypic switch to restorative macrophages |
| Pro-resolution macrophage | Ly6Clow CD11b+ CCR2+ CX3CR1++ CD206+ MMP9+ MMP12+ |
CD14− CD16+ CD163+ CCR2+ CX3 CR1++ Stabilin-1+ (MERTK+) |
Anti-inflammatory; restorative function in liver fibrosis; promote tissue repair after acute damage; in humans CD16+ rather linked to fibrosis progression |
| Neutrophils | CD11b+ Ly6G+ Fpr1+ CD44+ CXCR1+ CXCR2+ |
CD15+ CD16+ CD49d− FPR1+ CD44+ CXCR1+ CXCR2+ |
Ambiguous role in liver injury; functional role likely context-dependent; putatively profibrogenic in steatohepatitis |
| Peritoneal infiltrating cells | CD11b+ F4/80+ GATA6+ |
Unknown | Currently not known |