Table 3.
Changes in standard verbal paired-associate learning (S-PA) and clinical assessment for attention (CAT) tests.
| Group | Week 6 | p | Week 12 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S-PA | |||||
| Unrelated pairs (1st) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.15 ± 2.23 −0.39 ± 2.65 |
0.616 | 0.30 ± 2.23 0.57 ± 2.43 |
0.561 |
| Unrelated pairs (2nd) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−1.25 ± 2.43∗∗ −0.49 ± 2.73 |
0.139 | 0.11 ± 1.94 1.08 ± 2.93∗∗ |
0.051 |
| Unrelated pairs (3rd) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.96 ± 2.46∗∗ −0.55 ± 2.34 |
0.382 | 0.17 ± 2.35 0.55 ± 2.63 |
0.440 |
| Visual cancelation task | |||||
| Figure 1 – required time (s) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−2.7 ± 4.3∗∗ −4.9 ± 8.7∗∗ |
0.106 | −3.5 ± 4.4∗∗ −5.2 ± 8.1∗∗ |
0.192 |
| Figure 1 – Accuracy (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
0.46 ± 2.60 0.86 ± 2.39∗ |
0.420 | 0.56 ± 3.22 1.14 ± 2.76∗∗ |
0.334 |
| Figure 1 – Hitting ratio (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.03 ± 0.42 −0.03 ± 0.24 |
0.992 | 0.03 ± 0.24 −0.03 ± 0.24 |
0.160 |
| Figure 2 – required time (s) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−2.1 ± 5.9∗ −5.9 ± 10.6∗∗ |
0.024 | −3.6 ± 5.7∗∗ −6.8 ± 11.0∗∗ |
0.066 |
| Figure 2 – Accuracy (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.40 ± 3.60 0.62 ± 4.19 |
0.187 | 0.27 ± 2.24 0.86 ± 4.19 |
0.366 |
| Figure 2 – Hitting ratio (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
0.04 ± 0.96 0.04 ± 0.91 |
0.998 | 0.11 ± 0.67 0.07 ± 0.88 |
0.834 |
| Number “3” – required time (s) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−3.0 ± 6.7∗∗ −6.3 ± 14.3∗∗ |
0.148 | −2.8 ± 7.3∗∗ −5.5 ± 14.6∗∗ |
0.237 |
| Number “3” – Accuracy (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
0.45 ± 2.26 0.12 ± 1.67 |
0.406 | 0.55 ± 2.69 0.41 ± 1.88 |
0.771 |
| Number “3” – Hitting ratio (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.00 ± 0.25 −0.03 ± 0.17 |
0.416 | −0.02 ± 0.27 −0.02 ± 0.13 |
0.970 |
| Japanese “ka” – required time (s) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−3.6 ± 8.6∗∗ −7.2 ± 14.7∗∗ |
0.127 | −3.3 ± 8.9∗∗ −6.1 ± 15.4∗∗ |
0.250 |
| Japanese “ka” – Accuracy (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
0.65 ± 3.15 0.93 ± 2.90 |
0.634 | 1.01 ± 2.86∗ 1.17 ± 4.43∗ |
0.827 |
| Japanese “ka” – Hitting ratio (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−0.05 ± 0.21 0.04 ± 0.31 |
0.091 | −0.07 ± 0.24 0.04 ± 0.44 |
0.130 |
| Auditory detection task | |||||
| Accuracy (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
−1.5 ± 8.5 0.5 ± 4.8 |
0.149 | −0.30 ± 6.6 −0.55 ± 5.7 |
0.838 |
| Hitting ratio (%) | Placebo Whey peptide |
4.1 ± 16.2 5.2 ± 21.6 |
0.763 | 7.9 ± 18.6∗∗ 6.9 ± 16.9∗ |
0.775 |
Data are presented as means ± SD for placebo (n = 53) and whey peptide (n = 51) groups. Group differences were identified using unpaired t-tests. Changes from baseline were identified using Dunnet’s tests; ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01.