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. 2019 Apr 24;10:864. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00864

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Copyright © 2019 Hartmann, Piontkivska, Moreira and Silva Pereira.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Microscopic images of hyphae exposed to 100 mM of dodecyltributylphosphonium chloride ([P₄₄₄₁₂]Cl), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₁₀mim]Cl) or cholinium decanoate for 4 h and stained with calcofluor white (scale bar: 25 μM). (B,C) Expression levels of the genes mediating the first steps of sphingolipid biosynthesis after 4 h of exposure to [C₁₀mim]Cl (B, black bars) or cholinium decanoate (C, black bars) compared to the control (white bars). Axis y represents the fold-change relative to time-zero (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001).