Table 1.
The effects of exercise interventions on cholesterol efflux capacity
| Reference | Population | Duration | Exercise intervention | HDL function assay | Effects of exercise training |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koba et al. [6] | ACS patients following PCI (n = 68) 57 CR 11 non-CR |
6 Months | CR: gymnastics & 30min supervised aerobic exercise on cycle Prescribed at home brisk walking for 30–60 min at 40–60% HRR or 12–13 RPE |
3H-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages) using apoB-depleted serum | CEC ↑ 10% |
| Furuyama et al. [7] | ACS patients following PCI (n = 84) 69 CR 15 non-CR |
5 Months | CR: gymnastics and 30min supervised aerobic exercise on cycle Prescribed at home brisk walking for 30–60 min at 40–60% HRR or 12–13 RPE |
3H-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages) using apoB-depleted serum | CEC ↑ 9% |
| Albaghdadi et al. [8] | PAD patients w/o intermittent claudication (n = 88) 33 treadmill training 29 strength training 26 control |
8 Months | 24 weeks of supervised treadmill exercise 3 times per week. Intensity at or near max leg symptoms Resistance training: 3 sets 8 reps of knee ext, leg press, leg curl |
3H-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages) using apoB-depleted serum | No change in CEC |
| Boyer et al. [9■] | Sedentary men with elevated waist circumference and atherogenic dyslipidemia (n = 145) 113 lifestyle modification 32 control | 12 Months | Personalized healthy eating strategy (−500 kcal/day goal) Physical activity counseling (goal of 160 min of aerobic physical activity per week: 50–80% HRmax) |
3H-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages and HepG2 cells) using apoB-depleted serum | J774 CEC ↑ 14% HepG2 CEC ↑ 3% ↑ post prandial CEC |
| Khan et al. [10■■] | Adults with metabolic syndrome (n = 53) 17 control 19 WL 17 WLEX |
3 Months | Caloric restriction (reduced 600 kcal/day – lost 8.4 kg) Exercise: 40 min cycle at 65% HRmax on alternate days. One session supervised, rest at home |
3H-labeled CEC (THP-1 cells) with HDL isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation | CEC ↑ 25% in WLEX group |
| Wesnigk et al. [11■] | Obese adolescents (n = 16) 8 Lifestyle 8 Control |
10 months | Two hours of supervised play per day Two hours physical education at school per week Three 40-min supervised exercise sessions per week |
3H-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages) using apoB-depleted serum | CEC ↑ 10% |
| Sarzynski et al. [12■■] |
E-MECHANiC Sedentary, overweight/obese (n = 90) 33 General health 28 WL 29 Control STSTIDE-PD Sedentary, overweight/obese, with prediabetes (n = 106) 29 Low amount/moderate intensity 27 High amount/moderate intensity 24 High amount/vigorous intensity 26 Clinical lifestyle |
6 Months |
E-MECHANIC: Treadmill exercise at 65–85% VO2peak, 3–5 times per week Exercise dose General health: 8 KKW WL: 20KKW STRRIDE-PD: Cycle treadmill or elliptical exercise Exercise dose Low-mod: 10 KKW at 50% VO2reserve High-mod: 16 KKW at 50% VO2reserve High-vig: 16 KKW at 75% VO2reserve Clinical lifestyle: low-mod exercise + diet with goal of 7% WL |
3H-labeled and BODIPY-labeled CEC (J774 macrophages) using apoB-depleted serum HAE |
E-MECHANIC 3H non-ABCA1 CEC ↑ 6% in 20 KKW group STRRIDE-PD Global 3H CEC ↑ 6% in high/vigorous group No change in BODIPY CEC or HAE in any group of either study |
ABCA1, ATP binding cassette transporter A1; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; apoB, apolipoprotein B; CEC, cholesterol efflux capacity; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; HAE, HDL-apoA-I exchange; HRmax, maximal heart rate; HRR, heart rate reserve; KKW, kcal/kg body weight/week; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; WL, weight loss; WLEX, weight loss and exercise.