Table 2.

The effects of exercise interventions on the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL

Reference	Population	Duration	Exercise intervention	HDL function assay	Effects of exercise training
Hansel et al.[15■]	MetS (n = 33)	3 Months	Educational program Individually tailored diet program to reduce caloric intake Advised to achieve 150 min/week of moderate intensity endurance exercise	Antioxidative activity of small, dense HDL3c on conjugated diene formation in reference LDL HDL isolated by DGU	Whole population No change in antioxidative capacity of HDL3c Subgroup analysis Antioxidative capacity of HDL3c ↑ 6.8% in those w/LDL-cholesterol ≤130mg/dl
Casella-Filho et al. [16]	Adults from outpatient clinic (n =30)  20 MetS intervention group  10 healthy controls	3 Months	Supervised cycle ergometer training 3 times/week for 45 min at heart rate associated with ventilatory threshold	Influence of HDL subfractions on resistance of LDL to oxidation HDL and LDL isolated by DGU	LDL resistance to oxidation ↑ ~5% in both HDL2a & 3b
Ribeiro et al.[17]	Men and women (n = 32)  11 Healthy intervention group  11 Type 2 diabetes intervention  10 Type 2 diabetes controls	4 months	Supervised cycle ergometer training 3 times/week for 40 min at intensity between anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point	HDL3 efficiency against in vitro LDL oxidation HDL and LDL isolated by DGU	LDL resistance to oxidation ↑ 15% in people with diabetes No change in LDL oxidation in healthy adults
Tianen et al. [19■]	Sedentary, nonmenopausal, white women (n = 161)  79 Aerobic training 82 Control	6 Months	Unsupervised aerobic exercise for 50 min, 4 times per week, at an RPE of 13 to 16 (6–20 scale) Both the intervention and control groups attended lectures that covered topics of physical activity and general health	OxHDL and OxLDL measured by level of conjugated dienes in isolated lipoproteins	OxHDL ↑ 5% No change in OxLDL
Sang et al.[20]	MetS patients (n = 39)  27 intervention group  12 control group	10 weeks	Supervised walk/run training Walk at 3.5 km/hw/speed increasing 0.3 km/h every 30 s until participant needed to run. Participants ran as long as they felt comfortable. Duration progressed from 30 to 60 min and intensity to 60–70% of HRmax Encouraged to train 5 times/week	Ability of HDL3 to inhibit TNF-α induced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion in endothelial cells HDL isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation	Ability of HDL3 to inhibit VCAM-1 expression ↑ ~20% Ability of HDL3 to inhibit monocyte adhesion ↑ ~33%
Roberts et al. [21]	Obese, middle-to-older aged men with MetS factors (n = 22)	3 weeks	Residential lifestyle intervention Diet: Prepared meals 15% fat, 20% protein, 65% carb Exercise: daily treadmill walking at 70–85% of HRmax for 45–60 min	Ability of HDL to alter LDL-induced MCA in HAEC cells HDL isolated by FPLC	Induction of MCA in presence of HDL ↓ ~18%: HDL inflammatory index decreased from proinflammatory (1.14) to anti-inflammatory (0.94)

DGU, density gradient ultracentrifugation; FPLC, fast protein liquid chromatography; HAEC, human aortic endothelial cells; HRmax, maximal heart rate; MCA, monocyte chemotactic activity; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OxHDL, oxidized HDL lipids; OxLDL, oxidized LDL lipids; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.