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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 25.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Biol Interact. 2019 Feb 26;303:50–56. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.025

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Ultralow concentrations of DM reduced pro-inflammatory factors production in LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells ere pre-treated with DM (10−5, 10−10, or 10−14 M) or vehicle for 30 minutes and then incubated with LPS (10 ng/ml). (A) TNF-α level.

Supernatant were collected from Kupffer cells with different treatments and determined TNF-α production by TNF-α ELISA kit. Femtomolar concentrations of DM reduced (B) superoxide and (C) iROS expression in LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are pre-treated with DM (10−5, 10−10, 10−13, or 10−14 M) or vehicle for 30 minutes and then incubated with LPS (10 ng/ml). After incubation, the cultures were subjected to superoxide and iROS assays. Data show mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments with 3 replicates per experiment. *P < 0.05, post hoc analysis by Bonferroni t-test, indicates significant different from control group. # P < 0.05, post hoc analysis by Bonferroni t-test, indicates significant different from LPS alone group.