Table 2.
Risk of bias of included studies: quality assessment using the QUIPS tool
| Overarching project & associated studies (first author, year) | Quality assessment domains | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study participation | Study attrition | Belief measurement | Prospective outcome measurement | Consideration of confounders | Statistical analysis & reporting | |
| Australia Back Pain Campaign and follow‐up | ||||||
| Buchbinder (2001a) | Moderate | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Buchbinder and Jolley, (2005) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Dutch Population‐based Musculoskeletal Complaints and Consequences Cohort (DMC Cohort) | ||||||
| Houben (2005), Leeuw (2007), Picavet (2002)a | Low | Moderatea | Low | Lowa | Low | Low |
| Middle Sweden Back Pain Project | ||||||
| Buer (2002), Linton (2000a)a, Linton (2000b) | Low | Lowa | Low | Lowa | Moderate | Low |
| Norway Back Pain Campaign | ||||||
| Werner (2008)a, Werner (2009) | Moderate | ‐ | Unclear | ‐ | Lowa | Lowa |
| Norway Monthly Omnibus Survey | ||||||
| Ihlebæk (2003)a, Ihlebæk (2005) | Moderate | ‐ | Low | ‐ | Moderatea | Lowa |
| Södermanland Back Pain Project | ||||||
| Linton (2001); Linton (2005)a | Moderate | Higha | Low | Lowa | Lowa | Lowa |
| Switzerland Musculoskeletal Health Survey | ||||||
| Elfering (2009)a, Elfering (2015)a, Mannion (2009), Mannion (2013) | Moderate | Moderatea | Low | Lowa | Low | Low |
| Standalone Projects/Publications | ||||||
| Beales (2015) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | Low | Low |
| Bowey‐Morris (2011) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | Low | Low |
| Briggs (2010) | Moderate | ‐ | Low | ‐ | Moderate | Moderate |
| Darlow (2014) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Gross (2010) | Moderate | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Kovacs (2011) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Lindal (1989) | Low | ‐ | Moderate | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Szpalski (1995) | Low | ‐ | Unclear | ‐ | Moderate | Low |
| Urquhart (2008) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | Low | Low |
| Vidal (2013) | Low | ‐ | Low | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Waddell (2007) | High | ‐ | Unclear | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Walker (2003) | Low | ‐ | Unclear | ‐ | Low | Low |
a
Indicates a quality assessment domain which is only of relevance to a specified publication(s) within an overarching study.