Table 2.
Risk of depression and anxiety in patients with ACO versus patients with COPD alone
| Category | ACO (n = 7822) | COPD alone (n = 7822) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P value for adjusted HR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | PY | Rate | Events | PY | Rate | ||||
| Depression | |||||||||
| Overall | 1908 | 43,380 | 44.0 | 1654 | 43,342 | 38.2 | 1.15(1.08–1.23) | 1.10(1.03–1.18) | 0.0039 |
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||
| 40–64 (n = 7418) | 886 | 22,402 | 39.5 | 727 | 22,817 | 31.9 | 1.24(1.13–1.37) | 1.21(1.10–1.34) | 0.0001 |
| ≥ 65 (n = 8226) | 1022 | 20,978 | 48.7 | 927 | 20,525 | 45.2 | 1.08(0.99–1.18) | 1.01(0.93–1.11) | 0.7537 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male (n = 8346) | 879 | 22,891 | 38.4 | 792 | 22,448 | 35.3 | 1.09(0.99–1.20) | 1.03(0.93–1.13) | 0.5718 |
| Female (n = 7298) | 1029 | 20,490 | 50.2 | 862 | 20,894 | 41.3 | 1.22(1.11–1.33) | 1.18(1.07–1.29) | 0.0005 |
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| Overall | 3017 | 37,927 | 79.5 | 2780 | 38,155 | 72.9 | 1.09(1.04–1.15) | 1.06(1.01–1.12) | 0.0272 |
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||
| 40–64 (n = 7418) | 1416 | 19,663 | 72.0 | 1318 | 20,155 | 65.4 | 1.10(1.02–1.19) | 1.08(1.00–1.17) | 0.0392 |
| ≥ 65 (n = 8226) | 1601 | 18,263 | 87.7 | 1462 | 18,000 | 81.2 | 1.08(1.00–1.16) | 1.04(0.97–1.11) | 0.3314 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male (n = 8346) | 1394 | 20,536 | 67.9 | 1272 | 20,462 | 62.2 | 1.09(1.01–1.18) | 1.06(0.98–1.14) | 0.1349 |
| Female (n = 7298) | 1623 | 17,391 | 93.3 | 1508 | 17,693 | 85.2 | 1.09(1.02–1.17) | 1.06(0.99–1.14) | 0.0891 |
Bold results represent statistically significant
ACO asthma-COPD overlap, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PY person-year; Rate, incidence rate (per 1000 person-years); HR, hazard ratio
aAdjusted for medications - including calcium antagonists (diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil), corticosteroids, digitalis, and benzodiazepines - prescribed within 6 months before the date of outcome