2. Costs and cost‐effectiveness.

Author (year)	Georgiou (2001)	HF‐ACTION Reed (2010)	Witham (2012)	Cowie (2014) Centre and home	Dalal (2018)	Lang (2018)
Year of costs Country Currency	1998 US USD	2008 US USD	2010 UK GBP	2013/2014 UK GBP	2016 UK GBP	2016 UK GBP
Intervention cost
Mean costs/patient	4,563	6,483 (SD 4,884)	474.75	Not reported	418.39	362.61
Costs considered	Staffing, space rental, equipment, patients’ lost wages	Staffing, patient time, travel, parking	Staffing, equipment, staff and patient travel	Staffing, equipment, consumables* (*home training only)	Primary and secondary care, social care, drugs, NHS and intervention costs	Staffing, equipment, staff travel
Cost‐effectiveness
Follow‐up period	15.5 years	Mean 2.5 years	6 months	5 years	NR	NR
Total mean healthcare cost/patient (exercise)	5,282*	57,338 (SD 81,343)+	1888.24 (SD 3111)	221.58 (hospital) and 196.53 (home)	NR	NR
Total mean healthcare costs per patient (control)	2,055*	56,177 (SD 92,749)+	1943.93 (SD 4551)	Not calculated	NR	NR
Incremental healthcare costs	3227*	1,161 (95% CI ‐6,205 to 8,404)	‐447.85 (95% CI ‐1696.00 to 931.00)	NR	NR	NR
Additional healthcare costs considered	Hospitalisations	Medication, procedures, outpatient visits, emergency visits, hospitalisations, tests	Inpatient and outpatient admissions, primary care contacts, medication	NR	NR	NR
Mean healthcare benefit (exercise)	10.24 life‐years	2.02 QALYs (SD 1.00)	NR	NR	0.74 QALYs (SD 0.22)	NR
Mean health care benefit (control)	7.96 life‐years	1.99 QALYs (SD 1.01)	NR	NR	0.76 QALYs (SD 0.21)	NR
Incremental mean healthcare benefit	1.82 life‐years	0.03 (95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.11)	NR	NR	NR	NR
Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio	1,773 per life‐year saved	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR

CI: confidence interval; GBP: GB pounds; NR: not reported; QALY: quality‐adjusted life year; SD: standard deviation; USD: US dollars.