Figure 1.

AA13 attenuated learning and memory impairments in Aβ _1‐42‐injected mice. (A) Chemical structure of sarsasapogenin‐AA13. (B) Experimental protocol diagram. Mice were randomly divided into four groups, namely Sham‐operated (vehicle+vehicle), Aβ _1‐42 model (vehicle+Aβ _1‐42), AA13 low‐dose group (6 mg/kg AA13+Aβ _1‐42), and AA13 high‐dose group (30 mg/kg AA13+Aβ _1‐42). The mice were orally administrated once a day for 7 d followed by Aβ _1‐42 i.c.v. injection surgery; then, morris water maze test was conducted. (C) The typical trajectory of each group in probe trial. (D) Time before reaching the hidden platform during 6 days of training trial. (E) Time spent in target quadrant in probe test. (F) The mean speed during the water maze test. (G) Nissl staining of hippocampal CA1 region of mice. (H) The alteration of Iba1 and GFAP protein expression in the brain. *P<.05 compared with control group. #P<.05 compared with model group . **P<.01 compared with control group. ##P<.01 compared with model group