Figure 1.

Repetitive application of CPM led to chronic cystitis and colorectal hyperalgesia. A, Protocol of the experiment. B, Representative histological state of the vaginal smear in proestrus female rats. Arrows in blue indicate nucleated epithelial cells; arrows in red indicate cornified cells. C, Representative pictures of HE staining of the urinary bladder and colorectum. CPM‐treated rats exhibited chronic cystitis characterized by edema and hemorrhage (arrows) in the mucosal lamina propria, without apparent histological change in colorectal tissue. D, Plot of the CRD pressure‐AWR score curves for CPM‐ and saline‐treated rats (n = 6 each). Note that the curve for CPM‐treated group was shifted upward compared with the saline group. *P < .05, ***P < .001, comparison of the averaged AWR scores of the CPM‐ and saline‐treated rats at a given CRD pressure using Independent‐Samples t‐test. E, Comparison of the averaged area under the curves (AUC) between CPM‐ and saline‐treated rats (n = 6 each). ***P < .001, Independent‐Samples t‐test