Table 1.

Values of the visual analogue scale, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, Lattinen Index, and the Karnofsky Score in patient 1 obtained before and after intravenous or epidural administration of morphine or oxytocin. Note that after epidural morphine or oxytocin administration, the pain was relieved (measured with VAS and Lattinen Index). It is interesting to note that after oxytocin, the values of VAS and Lattinen Index were similar to treatment with morphine, whereas the RASS score was improved, suggesting that epidural oxytocin exerts an analgesic action without sedation, as observed with morphine

	Schedule treatment/day
	Day 1 morphine (i.v.)	Day 2 oxytocin (epidural)	Day 3 morphine (epidural)	Day 4 oxytocin (epidural)	Day 5 morphine (epidural)
VAS
Before	8–9	6–7	5–6	6	5
After	6–7	1–2	1–2	1–2	1–2
RASS
Before	−1	−2	0	−2	−3
After	−2, −3	0	−2	0	−3
Lattinen index
Before	18	18	16	16	16
After	16	10	10	10	10
Karnofsky score	40	40	40	30	10

i.v., intravenous; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.