Table 1:

Determinants of genomic evolution in cancer models.

Model type		Major advantages for research	Factors impacting genomic evolution
Genetically-engineered mouse models		* De novo tumorigenesis in vivo *  Interactions with the microenvironment and with other cell types	* Somatic evolution of the tumor as an integral part of tumorigenesis * Germline evolution of the host throughout colony propagation
Patient-derived models	New cancer cell lines	*  Short time and few cell divisions from primary tumors to functional assays	* Physical constraints (2D) *   Variations in culture conditions (media, passaging practices, etc.) * Continuous selection for rapidly proliferating cells
	Established cancer cell lines	* Widely accessible and easy to work with * Ample genomic data available	* Numerous cell divisions * Variations in culture conditions *  Deficient mechanisms of genome maintenance inherited from tumor of origin
	Xenografts	* No growth on plastic *  Functional investigation of human tumors in vivo	* Differences in physiology and metabolism between species * Immune-deficient environment * Site of transplantation * Multiple cell divisions within each passage
	Organoids	* Complex cellular interactions *  Culture conditions mimic in vivo conditions better than 2D culture * 3D environment * Matched normal controls	* Variations in culture conditions *  Deficient mechanisms of genome maintenance inherited from tumor of origin * Immune-deficient environment