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. 2019 Mar 19;139(18):2129–2141. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036459

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© 2019 The Authors.

Circulation is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 2. — Circulating P-3-OHB levels (Study 1) and changes in cardiac output in HFrEF patients (Studies 1 and 2). Mean with bars indicating standard deviation (A and B) or SEM (C). A, P-3-OHB levels were low until 3-OHB infusion was initiated and decreased after 3-OHB was substituted with placebo (n=16). B, Cardiac output increased from placebo to 3-OHB infusion and decreased when 3-OHB infusion was terminated (n=16). C, CO was assessed in Study 2 (n=8) at a low infusion rate (0.045 g · kg^-1 · h^-1, mean P-3-OHB: 0.7 mM) and an intermediate infusion rate (0.09 g · kg^-1 · h^-1, mean P-3-OHB: 1.6 mM; paired analysis). These results were compared with those obtained in Study 1 (high infusion rate [0.18 g · kg^-1 · h^-1], mean P-3-OHB: 3.3 mM, n=16; unpaired data) and demonstrated a dose-response association. 3-OHB indicates 3-betahydroxybutyrate; and CO, cardiac output.