Table 2.

In vivo evaluation of IFN‐β bioactivity and potential alterations in combination with statins

Reference	Measures	Clinical Trial	Specimen	Method	Findings: IFN‐β versus IFNβ+ statin
Marker of IFN‐β activity
[15]	IFN‐stimulated gene	[15]	PBMC	cDNA macroarray	No differences
[14]	TRAIL	[14]	PBMC	rtPCR	No alteration by atorvastatin
[17]	MxA, TRAIL	[17]	PBMC	Affymetrix gene chip	No differences
[64]	IFN‐β induced genes	[18]	PBMC	Affymetrix gene chip	No differences
Modulation of immune system
[14]	TNF, IFN‐γ, IL4, IL10	[14]	Supernatant of ConA‐stimulated PBMC	Multiplex bead array	Atorvastatin: increase of IL10
[11]	IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL12p70, TNF, IFN‐γ, IL4, IL5, IL10	[65]	Serum	Multiplex bead array	combination: increase of IL12p70
[66]	MMP9, TIMP1	[65]	Serum	ELISA	No differences
[67]	soluble Fas (CD95), soluble FasL (CD95L)	[65]	Serum	Multiplex bead array	No differences
[14]	T‐cell proliferation	[14]	PBMC	3H thymidine incorporation assay	Atorvastatin: no anti‐proliferative effect
Leukocyte migration
[68]	Transendothelial migration	[68]	T cells	In vitro BBB model	Combination therapy: migrational capacity decreases
[46]	Transendothelial migration	treatment ex vivo	Monocytes/lymphocytes	In vitro BBB model	Statin treatment ex vivo: restricts migration
Antiinflammatory effects
[43]	High sensitivity CRP	[65]	Serum	ELISA	Combination therapy: reduces hs‐CRP

BBB, blood‐brain barrier; ConA, concanavalin A; CRP, C‐reactive protein; TRAIL, TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; hs, high sensitivity; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix‐metalloproteinase; PBMC, peripheral‐blood mononuclear cells; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of MMP.