Table 2.
Household, maternal, and other characteristics associated with congenital malaria
| Variables | Outcome | Congenital malaria | OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | ||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
| Household factors | Wall type | Brick | 1 (6.2) | 76 (29.5) | 0.15 | 0.02–1.14 | 0.03 |
| Mud | 15 (93.8) | 169 (69.0) | |||||
| Roof type | Iron sheet | 7 (43.8) | 179 (73.3) | 0.29 | 0.10–0.80 | 0.02 | |
| Grass | 9 (56.2) | 66 (26.9) | |||||
| Use spray | Yes | 1 (6.2) | 19 (7.8) | 0.79 | 0.10–6.33 | 0.65 | |
| No | 15 (93.8) | 226 (92.2) | |||||
| Use of Net | Non-ITN | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | NA | NA | 0.76 | |
| ITN | 16 (100.0) | 241 (98.4) | |||||
| Family size | < 5 person | 9 (56.2) | 87 (35.5) | 1.07 | 1.03–1.10 | 0.08 | |
| ≥ 5 person | 7 (43.8) | 158 (64.5) | |||||
| Maternal factors | Malaria treated during pregnancy | Quinine | 4 (100.0) | 24 (32.0) | 0.86 | 0.74–0.10 | 0.01 |
| Other* | 0 (0.0) | 51 (68.0) | |||||
| Chemoprevention during pregnancy | IPT-SP | 15 (93.8) | 239 (97.6) | NA | NA | 0.11 | |
| TS | 1 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
| Both | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | |||||
| None | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.80) | |||||
| Gravidity | G1 | 9 (56.2) | 74 (30.2) | 2.97 | 1.07–8.28 | 0.03 | |
| ≥ G2 | 7 (43) | 171 (69.8) | |||||
| Maternal age | < 19 years | 8 (50.0) | 46 (18.8) | 4.33 | 1.54–12.13 | 0.01 | |
| ≥ 19 | 8 (50.0) | 199 (81.2) | |||||
| Level of education | Primary | 10 (62.5) | 152 (62.0) | 1.02 | 0.36–2.90 | 0.60 | |
| Post Primary | 6 (37.5) | 93 (38.0) | |||||
| Fever during pregnancy | 1st and 2nd trimester | 6 (60.0) | 71 (81.6) | 0.34 | 0.09–1.34 | 0.12 | |
| 3rd trimester | 4 (40.0) | 16 (18.4) | |||||
| HIV status during pregnancy | Positive | 1 (6.2) | 6 (2.4) | 2.66 | 0.30–23.50 | 0.36 | |
| Negative | 15 (93.8) | 239 (97.6) | |||||
| Maternal malaria at delivery | Yes | 8 (50.0) | 19 (7.8) | 11.90 | 4.02–35.24 | 0.00 | |
| No | 8 (50.0) | 226 (92.2) | |||||
| Other factors | Placental malaria | Yes | 3 (75.0) | 8 (15.4) | 16.50 | 1.52–179.22 | 0.02 |
| No | 1 (25.0) | 44 (84.6) | |||||
| Cord blood parasitemia | Yes | 2 (50.0) | 1 (2.0) | 49.00 | 3.02–794.52 | 0.01 | |
| No | 2 (50.0) | 49 (98.0) | |||||
ITN = insecticide treated net; SP = sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine; TS = trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The bold values in table two show association between congenital malaria and those concerned explanatory variables on binary analysis.
* Other antimalarial drugs included Coartem and Fansidar.