Figure 4.

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) promote calcification in the aorta and peripheral arteries. Calcium contents of the (A) aorta, (B) femoral artery, and (C) carotid artery and (D) the percentage of calcified aortic area of CKD rats exposed to vehicle, IS, or PCS. Black dots with a white stripe represent rats that died before the planned euthanasia. Black bars represent the median. *P≤0.05 versus vehicle. (E) Visualization of calcification in aortic sections. Representative Von Kossa–stained aortic sections of a vehicle-, IS-, and PCS-exposed CKD rat. Magnification, ×62.5.