Table 5.

Adjusted^a association between factors and general medical use (R) and user expenditures (E) rates for 90‐day intervals at pre‐baseline and pre‐post changes

		Pre‐STARD enrollment					Pre‐post enrollment change
		Effect	95% CI		t	P	Effect	95% CI		t	P
Nonclinical factors
Predisposing
Hispanicb, c	R	0.67	0.50	0.90	2.66	0.008	1.16	0.91	1.47	1.18	0.238
	E	1.14	0.92	1.41	1.21	0.227	0.89	0.65	1.20	0.77	0.443
African Americanb	R	0.73	0.60	0.90	2.95	0.004	0.96	0.75	1.21	0.38	0.705
	E	1.26	1.13	1.40	4.28	0.000	0.84	0.71	1.00	1.92	0.055
Maleb	R	0.81	0.70	0.93	2.94	0.004	1.07	0.91	1.25	0.79	0.428
	E	1.26	1.14	1.38	4.73	0.000	0.96	0.85	1.09	0.67	0.502
<High school graduateb	R	0.65	0.53	0.80	4.07	0.000	0.92	0.72	1.16	0.70	0.482
	E	1.14	0.93	1.39	1.18	0.237	1.06	0.84	1.35	0.51	0.608
Care: no helpb	R	1.13	0.90	1.42	1.05	0.296	0.99	0.73	1.33	0.08	0.936
	E	0.89	0.70	1.13	0.98	0.328	1.11	0.80	1.54	0.61	0.545
Accommodation/access
Employedb	R	0.92	0.77	1.11	0.88	0.380	1.05	0.87	1.28	0.53	0.594
	E	0.81	0.71	0.92	3.23	0.001	0.85	0.72	1.01	1.85	0.065
Singleb	R	0.97	0.84	1.12	0.42	0.672	1.03	0.87	1.22	0.33	0.744
	E	1.16	1.03	1.30	2.41	0.016	0.97	0.84	1.12	0.41	0.681
No family assistanceb	R	1.28	1.12	1.47	3.59	0.001	1.02	0.86	1.20	0.18	0.855
	E	0.89	0.80	1.00	2.03	0.043	0.97	0.87	1.09	0.46	0.648
Affordability
Private insuranceb	R	1.44	1.18	1.76	3.61	0.001	1.00	0.83	1.19	0.03	0.978
	E	0.88	0.78	0.98	2.30	0.021	0.81	0.68	0.95	2.56	0.011
Medicaidb	R	1.24	0.96	1.58	1.67	0.094	0.99	0.78	1.26	0.08	0.937
	E	1.59	1.34	1.88	5.27	0.000	0.97	0.76	1.23	0.25	0.804
Incomed	R	1.01	0.99	1.04	0.84	0.404	1.00	0.97	1.03	0.08	0.939
	E	−0.02	−0.04	0.01	1.36	0.175	0.01	−0.01	0.04	0.97	0.330
Clinical factors
Mental status e
QIDS‐SRd	R	1.00	0.98	1.02	0.09	0.928	1.01	0.99	1.04	0.89	0.373
	E	0.11	−0.01	0.23	1.82	0.069	−0.04	−0.20	0.11	0.52	0.606
SF‐12‐mend	R	0.87	0.81	0.95	3.30	0.001	1.04	0.92	1.19	0.66	0.508
	E	−0.15	−0.34	0.05	1.45	0.149	0.10	−0.10	0.30	0.96	0.336
Alcoholb	R	0.96	0.68	1.37	0.21	0.837	0.90	0.62	1.31	0.54	0.592
	E	1.27	1.00	1.61	1.97	0.049	1.02	0.75	1.38	0.10	0.921
Drugsb	R	1.40	1.00	1.96	1.96	0.049	0.60	0.28	1.25	1.36	0.174
	E	1.41	1.02	1.95	2.08	0.037	1.43	0.75	2.74	1.09	0.277
Physical status
SF‐12‐physicald	R	0.61	0.57	0.65	13.62	0.000	1.03	0.95	1.12	0.66	0.511
	E	−1.10	−1.28	−0.92	11.87	0.000	0.39	0.17	0.61	3.48	0.001
Aged	R	0.99	0.93	1.06	0.17	0.868	1.10	1.03	1.18	2.99	0.003
	E	−0.06	−0.27	0.15	0.58	0.559	0.12	−0.11	0.34	1.04	0.300

^aAdjusted for all other factors as covariates and corrected for facility nesting and repeated measures. Linear regressions are also corrected for heteroskedasticity.

^bFor discrete variables, factor effects on the likelihood of use are measured as odds ratios. Pre‐post enrollment change is measured as a ratio of odds ratios. Factor effects on expenditures among users are measured as an expenditure ratio. Pre‐post enrollment change is measured as a ratio of expenditure ratios or the post‐enrollment expenditure ratio divided by the pre‐enrollment expenditure ratio. Dichotomous factors include Hispanic versus not Hispanic; African American versus not African American, male versus female, less than a high school graduate versus high school graduate or greater, care no help versus believed care was helpful, employed (full‐, self‐, and part‐time) versus not employed, single (separated, divided, widowed, and other) versus not single (married), no family assistance versus claims family provided assistance, private insurance versus no private insurance coverage (though may have government sponsored coverage such as Medicaid or Medicare), Medicaid versus No Medicaid coverage, alcohol versus no positive screen for alcohol dependence/abuse screen, and drugs versus no positive screen for drug dependence/abuse.

^cHispanic includes white and black racial groups.

^dFor continuous variables, factor effects on the likelihood of use are measured as odds ratios per $1000 income, per 10 points SF‐12 mental status, per 10 points SF‐12 physical status, and per 10 years of age. Pre‐post enrollment change on the likelihood is measured by a ratio of odds ratio or the post‐enrollment odds ratio divided by the pre‐enrollment odds ratio. Thus, one indicates no change in effects on the likelihood. Factor effects on expenditures among users are measured as elasticities computed by ∂ln(y|y > 0)/∂ln(x_c), where x _o is a specific factor scaled accordingly and y is expenditure. Pre‐post enrollment change is measured as the pre‐enrollment elasticity minus the post‐enrollment elasticity. Thus, zero indicates no change in effects on expenditures.

^eHigher QIDS‐SR scores indicate worse depressive symptoms. Lower SF‐12 scores indicate worse functioning.