Table 1b.
Prostate Cancer Process Measures Used in the Literature
| Measures | Studies (N) | Data Source | Type of Institution That Performed the Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)/adjuvant hormonal therapy for high-risk prostate cancer patients | 15 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit, federal |
| Clinical T stage documented | 10 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| Avoidance of overuse measure—bone scan for staging low-risk patients | 10 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, federal |
| PSA level documented | 9 | EHRs, Survey, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| Gleason score reported to patient | 9 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, federal |
| Treatment options counseling (multidisciplinary) | 9 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| Following up with the patient at least twice during the first year after treatment | 7 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| Comorbidity assessment | 6 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit |
| Radical prostatectomy pathology reporting | 4 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| Assessing the stage of the disease before the treatment/pretreatment clinical staging with DRE, total PSA, Gleason grade | 3 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, federal (VA) |
| Assessment of the family history of prostate cancer | 3 | Survey, EHRs | Teaching, nonprofit |
| Bone scan done in high-risk patients | 3 | EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| Avoidance of overuse measure—CT scan for staging low-risk patients | 3 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for profit |
| Central axis doses of at least 75 Gy for radiotherapy | 3 | EHRs, Administrative | Federal, teaching, nonprofit |
| DRE | 2 | EHRs | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| CT scan done in high-risk patients | 2 | EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| A clear description of the risk of treatment complications | 2 | Survey, EHRs, Administrative | Academic, nonprofit, for profit |
| Patient’s assessment of urinary, sexual, and bowel functioning before treatment | 2 | EHRs | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| Conformal radiation utilized for patients receiving XRT | 2 | EHRs | Academic, nonprofit, for-profit |
| Immobilizing the patient during treatment while protecting rectal mucosa | 2 | EHRs and Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| Docetaxel-based chemotherapy for castration-resistant, metastatic prostate cancer | 2 | EHRs, Administrative | Federal (VA ) |
| Use of high-energy photon (> 10 MV) photons | 2 | EHRs, Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| Plan of care for moderate/severe pain documented | 2 | Survey | Nonprofit |
| At least 10 core-needle samples taken at time of prostate biopsy | 1 | EHRs | Federal (VA hospitals) |
| Using computerized tomography to plan treatment for radiation therapy | 1 | EHRs | Teaching, nonprofit |
| Received radiation therapy (RT) within 30 days of death | 1 | EHRs | Academic |
| Surgery performed under epidural anesthesia after retropubic prostatectomy | 1 | Survey | Academic |
| Received chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life | 1 | Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
| 3-D CRT or IMRT for prostate cancer patients treated with EBRT | 1 | EHRs, Administrative | Federal (VA hospitals) |
| Prescription of narcotic pain medication for advanced cancer patients in pain | 1 | EHRs and Administrative | Federal (VA hospitals) |
| Communicating with the patient’s primary care physician to ensure continuing care | 1 | EHRs | Teaching, nonprofit |
| Pain assessed by second office visit | 1 | Survey | Nonprofit |
| Constipation assessed at the time of narcotic prescription or following visit | 1 | Survey | Nonprofit |
| Patient emotional well-being assessed by the second office visit | 1 | Survey | Nonprofit |
| PSA monitoring after treatment | 1 | EHRs and Administrative | Federal |
| DRE monitoring in active surveillance | 1 | EHRs and Administrative | Federal |
| Repeat biopsy in 18 months in active surveillance | 1 | EHRs and Administrative | Federal |
| Use of active surveillance, watchful waiting for low-risk prostate cancer | 1 | Administrative | Academic, for-profit, nonprofit |
EHR, electronic health record; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; DRE, digital rectal examination; VA, US Department of Veterans Affairs; CT, computed tomography; XRT, radiation therapy; 3D-CRT, three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy; IMRT, intensity modulated radiation therapy; EBRT, external beam radiation therapy.