Table 2.

Outcomes at post-intervention and three-month follow-up of mental health consumers assigned to two treatment conditions^a

	Baseline		Post-intervention						3-month follow-up
	Living Well	Education/ Support	Living Well	Education/ Support					Living Well	Education/ Support
	(N=124)	(N=118)	(N=105)	(N=107)					(N=106)	(N=104)
Measure and outcome	M ± SD	M ± SD	M ± SD	M ± SD	ESb	t	df	p	M ± SD	M ± SD	ESb	t	df	p
Functional
SF-12c
General Health Functioning	40.4 ± 12.0	38.9 ± 12.5	42.5 ± 11.3	41.6 ± 12.2	−0.11	−0.91	622	0.362	42.9 ± 12.0	39.2 ± 12.2	0.18	1.47	622	0.142
Physical Health Composite	39.2 ± 10.4	38.6 ± 11.4	39.0 ± 10.3	40.2 ± 11.3	−0.21	−2.23	619	0.026	40.3 ± 10.2	38.4 ± 12.3	0.10	0.95	619	0.342
Mental Health Composite	41.3 ± 11.9	40.7 ± 11.5	44.0 ± 11.4	40.5 ± 11.6	0.24	2.15	619	0.032	42.7 ± 11.5	41.5 ± 12.2	0.07	0.58	619	0.563
Health attitudes
Self-Management Self-Efficacy scaled	5.5 ± 2.1	5.5 ± 2.0	6.2 ± 1.9	5.4 ± 2.1	0.43	4.10	622	<.0001	6.0 ± 2.0	5.4 ± 2.0	0.32	2.86	622	0.004
Patient Activation Measuree-activation level subscale	60.8 ± 15.2	58.8 ± 14.6	64.3 ± 14.0	58.9 ± 14.3	0.21	2.08	622	0.038	63.4 ± 14.6	60.5 ± 16.1	0.04	0.35	622	0.727
Internal Health Locus of Controlf	26.4 ± 5.9	26.1 ± 5.9	27.0 ± 4.8	25.5 ± 6.3	0.23	2.01	622	0.045	26.6 ± 5.4	25.7 ± 5.5	0.11	1.07	622	0.285
Behavioral
Instrument to Measure Self Managementg
General self-management behaviors	2.7 ± 1.1	2.3 ± 1.2	2.9 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.2	−0.09	−0.61	620	0.544	2.9 ± 1.2	2.5 ± 1.2	0.11	0.76	620	0.446
Use of health care	2.9 ± 1.4	2.5 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.2	2.9 ± 1.3	−0.04	−0.39	620	0.699	3.3 ± 1.3	3.0 ± 1.3	−0.07	−0.74	620	0.459
Behavioral and cognitive symptom management	2.2 ± 1.1	2.2 ± 1.0	2.5 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 0.9	0.29	2.77	620	0.006	2.5 ± 1.1	2.3 ± 0.9	0.22	2.08	620	0.038
Social support	2.3 ± 1.4	2.3 ± 1.2	2.4 ± 1.3	2.4 ± 1.3	−0.04	−0.30	620	0.762	2.2 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.3	−0.15	−1.18	620	0.238
Physical activity	2.3 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.3	2.7 ± 1.3	2.4 ± 1.3	0.12	0.98	620	0.326	2.8 ± 1.3	2.2 ± 1.3	0.29	2.55	620	0.011
Health eating	2.6 ± 1.3	2.5 ± 1.3	3.0 ± 1.1	2.7 ± 1.1	0.04	0.43	620	0.667	2.9 ± 1.1	2.8 ± 1.2	−0.05	−0.37	620	0.709
Morisky Medication Adherence Scaleh	1.4 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.8	1.2 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.9	−0.19	−1.50	622	0.134	1.2 ± 1.0	1.4 ± 0.9	−0.02	−0.19	622	0.852
Symptoms and recovery
BASIS-24i
Overall	1.6 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.7	1.6 ± 0.8	−0.23	−2.02	603	0.044	1.4 ± 0.7	1.6 ± 0.7	−0.17	−1.40	603	0.162
Depression	1.6 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 0.9	1.5 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.9	−0.23	−1.86	603	0.063	1.5 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.9	−0.13	−1.03	603	0.304
Relationships	1.6 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.9	1.5 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.8	−0.18	−1.62	603	0.106	1.5 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 0.9	−0.32	−2.45	603	0.015
Psychosis	0.9 ± 0.7	1.0 ± 0.6	0.8 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.6	−0.08	−0.79	603	0.430	0.8 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.6	−0.05	−0.50	603	0.619
Maryland Assessment of Recovery Scalej	3.9 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.7	4.0 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.7	0.16	1.65	622	0.099	4.0 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.7	0.12	1.22	622	0.222
Emergency room visits (medical)	49(39.5%)	45(38.1%)							47(37.9%)	48(40.7%)	−0.17k	0.47	480	0.640

^aMean values are scores.

^bEffect size (ES) calculated as group-by-time interaction divided by raw standard deviation at baseline.

^c12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Possible subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater quality of life

^dPossible scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.

^ePossible subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater activation.

^fMeasured with a subscale of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control. Possible scores range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating greater internal locus of control.

^gPossible subscale scores range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater frequency.

^hPossible scores range from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating greater adherence. The distribution was skewed so a square root transformation was applied before analysis.

ⁱBehavior and Symptom Identification Scale 24 – Modified. Possible scores range from 0 to 4. BASIS psychosis was skewed so a square root transformation was applied before analysis.

^jPossible subscale scores range from 0 to 5.

^kChange in proportion with an ER visit in the treatment group minus change in the proportion in the control group on a log-odds scale. Negative estimate indicates greater observed reduction in the Living Well group versus the control group.