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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatr Serv. 2018 Oct 24;70(1):19–25. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201800162

Table 2.

Outcomes at post-intervention and three-month follow-up of mental health consumers assigned to two treatment conditionsa

Baseline
 Post-intervention
 3-month follow-up
Living
Well		 Education/
Support		 Living
Well		 Education/
Support		 Living
Well		 Education/
Support
(N=124)
 (N=118)
 (N=105)
 (N=107)
 (N=106)
 (N=104)
Measure and outcome M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD M ± SD ESb t df p M ± SD M ± SD ESb t df p
Functional
 SF-12c
 General Health Functioning 40.4 ± 12.0 38.9 ± 12.5 42.5 ± 11.3 41.6 ± 12.2 −0.11 −0.91 622 0.362 42.9 ± 12.0 39.2 ± 12.2 0.18 1.47 622 0.142
 Physical Health Composite 39.2 ± 10.4 38.6 ± 11.4 39.0 ± 10.3 40.2 ± 11.3 −0.21 −2.23 619 0.026 40.3 ± 10.2 38.4 ± 12.3 0.10 0.95 619 0.342
 Mental Health Composite 41.3 ± 11.9 40.7 ± 11.5 44.0 ± 11.4 40.5 ± 11.6 0.24 2.15 619 0.032 42.7 ± 11.5 41.5 ± 12.2 0.07 0.58 619 0.563
Health attitudes
 Self-Management Self-Efficacy scaled 5.5 ± 2.1 5.5 ± 2.0 6.2 ± 1.9 5.4 ± 2.1 0.43 4.10 622 <.0001 6.0 ± 2.0 5.4 ± 2.0 0.32 2.86 622 0.004
 Patient Activation Measuree-activation level subscale 60.8 ± 15.2 58.8 ± 14.6 64.3 ± 14.0 58.9 ± 14.3 0.21 2.08 622 0.038 63.4 ± 14.6 60.5 ± 16.1 0.04 0.35 622 0.727
 Internal Health Locus of Controlf 26.4 ± 5.9 26.1 ± 5.9 27.0 ± 4.8 25.5 ± 6.3 0.23 2.01 622 0.045 26.6 ± 5.4 25.7 ± 5.5 0.11 1.07 622 0.285
Behavioral
 Instrument to Measure Self Managementg
 General self-management behaviors 2.7 ± 1.1 2.3 ± 1.2 2.9 ± 1.2 2.6 ± 1.2 −0.09 −0.61 620 0.544 2.9 ± 1.2 2.5 ± 1.2 0.11 0.76 620 0.446
 Use of health care 2.9 ± 1.4 2.5 ± 1.4 3.3 ± 1.2 2.9 ± 1.3 −0.04 −0.39 620 0.699 3.3 ± 1.3 3.0 ± 1.3 −0.07 −0.74 620 0.459
 Behavioral and cognitive symptom management 2.2 ± 1.1 2.2 ± 1.0 2.5 ± 1.0 2.2 ± 0.9 0.29 2.77 620 0.006 2.5 ± 1.1 2.3 ± 0.9 0.22 2.08 620 0.038
 Social support 2.3 ± 1.4 2.3 ± 1.2 2.4 ± 1.3 2.4 ± 1.3 −0.04 −0.30 620 0.762 2.2 ± 1.3 2.3 ± 1.3 −0.15 −1.18 620 0.238
 Physical activity 2.3 ± 1.3 2.3 ± 1.3 2.7 ± 1.3 2.4 ± 1.3 0.12 0.98 620 0.326 2.8 ± 1.3 2.2 ± 1.3 0.29 2.55 620 0.011
 Health eating 2.6 ± 1.3 2.5 ± 1.3 3.0 ± 1.1 2.7 ± 1.1 0.04 0.43 620 0.667 2.9 ± 1.1 2.8 ± 1.2 −0.05 −0.37 620 0.709
 Morisky Medication Adherence Scaleh 1.4 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.9 −0.19 −1.50 622 0.134 1.2 ± 1.0 1.4 ± 0.9 −0.02 −0.19 622 0.852
Symptoms and recovery
 BASIS-24i
 Overall 1.6 ± 0.8 1.6 ± 0.8 1.4 ± 0.7 1.6 ± 0.8 −0.23 −2.02 603 0.044 1.4 ± 0.7 1.6 ± 0.7 −0.17 −1.40 603 0.162
 Depression 1.6 ± 0.9 1.7 ± 0.9 1.5 ± 0.8 1.7 ± 0.9 −0.23 −1.86 603 0.063 1.5 ± 0.8 1.7 ± 0.9 −0.13 −1.03 603 0.304
 Relationships 1.6 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.9 1.5 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.8 −0.18 −1.62 603 0.106 1.5 ± 1.1 1.7 ± 0.9 −0.32 −2.45 603 0.015
 Psychosis 0.9 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 0.7 0.9 ± 0.6 −0.08 −0.79 603 0.430 0.8 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.6 −0.05 −0.50 603 0.619
 Maryland Assessment of Recovery Scalej 3.9 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 0.7 4.0 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 0.7 0.16 1.65 622 0.099 4.0 ± 0.7 3.8 ± 0.7 0.12 1.22 622 0.222
Emergency room visits (medical) 49(39.5%) 45(38.1%) 47(37.9%) 48(40.7%) −0.17k 0.47 480 0.640
a

Mean values are scores.

b

Effect size (ES) calculated as group-by-time interaction divided by raw standard deviation at baseline.

c

12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Possible subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater quality of life

d

Possible scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.

e

Possible subscale scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater activation.

f

Measured with a subscale of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control. Possible scores range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating greater internal locus of control.

g

Possible subscale scores range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater frequency.

h

Possible scores range from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating greater adherence. The distribution was skewed so a square root transformation was applied before analysis.

i

Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale 24 – Modified. Possible scores range from 0 to 4. BASIS psychosis was skewed so a square root transformation was applied before analysis.

j

Possible subscale scores range from 0 to 5.

k

Change in proportion with an ER visit in the treatment group minus change in the proportion in the control group on a log-odds scale. Negative estimate indicates greater observed reduction in the Living Well group versus the control group.