Effects of PPE and TFs treatments on blood glucose (a), insulin levels (b), insulin staining and insulin score of pancreas samples (c-g). The data for glucose and insulin levels are shown as mean ± S.E. (n=12). Panel C was from a female wild-type mouse at 7 weeks of age and fasted overnight before sacrifice; the size of the pancreas islet was smaller than the db/db mice at age 13 weeks (without fasting), shown in panels d-f. a,b,c indicate difference among groups by ANOVA (p < 0.05).