Comparison 1. CHOLINERGIC DRUGS versus PLACEBO.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Tardive dyskinesia: 1. No clinically important improvement (50% or more change on any validated TD scale)	4	27	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.65, 1.23]
1.1 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.51, 1.60]
1.2 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.70, 1.43]
1.3 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	6	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.31, 1.66]
2 Tardive dyskinesia: 2a. Not any improvement (as assessed by rater)	9	180	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.71, 1.07]
2.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks	3	63	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.58, 1.18]
2.2 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.26, 2.57]
2.3 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.72, 2.44]
2.4 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	2	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.63, 1.21]
2.5 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.55, 1.27]
3 Tardive dyskinesia: 2b. Not any improvement (as assessed by self report)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	30	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.62, 1.36]
4 Tardive dyskinesia: 3a. Average endpoint score on AIMS (low score = better)	7	171	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.44, 0.21]
4.1 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	6	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.42 [‐0.29, 3.13]
4.2 galantamine ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	35	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.5 [‐0.44, 3.44]
4.3 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	6	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.07 [‐2.21, 0.07]
4.4 lecithin ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	14	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐1.04, 0.84]
4.5 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.58, 0.20]
4.6 rivastigmine ‐ less than 8 weeks	1	40	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.20 [‐1.16, 5.56]
4.7 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [‐4.22, 6.42]
5 Tardive dyskinesia: 3b. Average endpoint score on modified Simpson TDRS (low score = better)			Other data	No numeric data
5.1 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks			Other data	No numeric data
6 Tardive dyskinesia: 4a. Deterioration (as assessed by rater)	8	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.11 [0.55, 2.24]
6.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks	2	30	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.67 [0.48, 5.76]
6.2 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.20, 2.18]
6.3 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.06, 7.85]
6.4 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	2	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.16, 6.31]
6.5 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.87 [0.18, 19.55]
7 Tardive dyskinesia: 4b. Deterioration (as assessed by self report)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	30	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 68.26]
8 Global outcome: Death for any reason	11	278	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks	4	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 galantamine ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	38	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	3	86	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.5 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Global outcome: Intervention not useful as assessed by Global Usefulness Rating (GUR)	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.59, 1.32]
10 Global state: Average endpoint score on CGI (low score = better)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	31	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.43 [‐1.36, 0.50]
11 Mental state: Deterioration	5	77	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.10, 2.61]
11.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.02, 6.65]
11.2 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.2 [0.08, 18.75]
11.3 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	2	56	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.81]
12 Adverse effects: Any	4	106	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.15, 2.14]
12.1 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks ‐ any adverse events	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.2 lecithin ‐ more than 6 weeks ‐ any other adverse effects, undesirable body odour, sedation	2	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.3 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks ‐ any adverse events	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.15, 2.14]
13 Adverse effects: Various specific	8		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
13.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks ‐ gastric adverse effects	5	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	9.0 [0.55, 147.95]
13.2 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks ‐ sedation, periferal cholinergic effects, undesirable body odour	6	94	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.83 [0.99, 47.25]
13.3 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks ‐ GI adverse effects	2	36	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14 Leaving the study early	12	288	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.56, 2.10]
14.1 deanol ‐ less than 6 weeks	4	83	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.02, 6.65]
14.2 deanol ‐ more than 6 weeks	2	11	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.2 [0.08, 18.75]
14.3 donepezil ‐ less than 6 weeks	1	10	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
14.4 galantamine ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	38	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.96, 9.39]
14.5 lecithin ‐ less than 6 weeks	3	86	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.17, 1.45]
14.6 meclofenoxate ‐ more than 6 weeks	1	60	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]