Kumar 2001.

Methods	Case series Duration: Mean 29.14 (SD 12.44) months; Range 13 to 49 months
Participants	N = 16 enrolled Primary condition: Various unspecified causes Baseline pain score: Mean 91.8 (SD 2.8) / 100 VAS Time since onset: 8 years (SD 4.2 years) Mean age: 42.1 (2.4) years, range 34 to 61 Female: 38% Previous opioid analgesics: All patients were on narcotic analgesics at enrolment
Interventions	Intrathecal morphine, with clonidine if needed (n=2) Initial dose: Mean 1.11 mg/day (SD 1.91 mg/day) Titrated to 7.42 mg/day (SD 4.2 mg/day) Supplemental analgesia: Six patients received no supplemental analgesics. The other 10 used antidepressants and/or analgesics.
Outcomes	Discontinuation from study due to adverse events Adverse events Discontinuation from study due to insufficient pain relief Pain
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Comparability of patients at baseline and follow‐up (continuous data) All outcomes	Low risk	All patients reported on
Selection method random or consecutive	Low risk	Appear to be consecutive referrals
Prospective	Low risk	Prospective
Free from confounding treatment(s)	High risk	Supplemental analgesia allowed
Patient compliance monitored and reported at at least 85%?	Low risk	Pump administration
Attrition and right censoring less than 15% (continuous data) All outcomes	Low risk	All patients followed up
Funding from a source without financial conflict of interest?	Unclear risk	Not reported