Thimineur 2004.

Methods	Case series Duration: 36 months
Participants	N = 38 enrolled Primary condition: Not reported. Likely back pain since Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was administered. Baseline pain score: 8.4 (SD 1.4)/10 VAS Time since onset: 6.8 (SD 4) years Mean age: 46.1 (SD 12) years Female: Not reported Previous opioid analgesics: All patients had prior opioid exposure, but with dose‐limiting adverse events
Interventions	Initial doses not reported for any drug Intrathecal morphine (n = 9), Titrated to mean 10.8 mg/day Intrathecal Dilaudid (n = 21), Titrated to mean 13.5 mg/day Intrathecal fentanyl (n = 24), Titrated to mean 664 ug/day Intrathecal clonidine (n = 23), Titrated to mean 378 ug/day Intrathecal baclofen (n = 2), Titrated to mean 120 ug/day Intrathecal bupivacaine (n = 1), Titrated to 15.0 mg/day Intrathecal methadone (n = 1), Titrated to 10.0 mg/day Supplemental analgesics: All patients received other pain therapies, such as oral and transdermal medications, therapeutic injections, and physical therapy
Outcomes	Adverse Events Pain, continuous Quality of life Function
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Comparability of patients at baseline and follow‐up (continuous data) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition rate relatively low
Selection method random or consecutive	Unclear risk	Unclear whether either all or consecutive patients were invited
Prospective	Low risk	Prospective
Free from confounding treatment(s)	High risk	All patients had additional pain therapies
Patient compliance monitored and reported at at least 85%?	Low risk	Pump administration
Attrition and right censoring less than 15% (continuous data) All outcomes	Low risk	Lower than 15%
Funding from a source without financial conflict of interest?	High risk	Funding by Medtronic