Fleming 2015.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial
Participants	Country: USA Setting: ambulatory Age: adults (18 to 24 years old) Sample size: 33 Sex: 14 women, 19 men Inclusion criteria: currently enrolled undergraduate students; meeting criteria for ADHD in adulthood, including symptom onset by age 12 and functional impairment in multiple domains Exclusion criteria: current substance abuse/dependence; or active suicidal ideation, major depressive episode, and history of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder.
Interventions	Intervention: dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) (8 weekly 90 min group sessions focused on skills acquisition and strengthening, and 7 weekly 10‐15 min individual coaching phone calls focused on skills generalisation) (n = 17; 12 participants with pharmacotherapy and 5 without pharmacotherapy) Control: skills handouts control condition (34 pages of skills handouts, drawn from a manual for treatment of adults with ADHD and designed to reflect publicly available self‐help materials for ADHD) (n = 16; 13 participants with pharmacotherapy and 3 without pharmacotherapy) Dosage, timing of dosage and administration of pharmacotherapy were not specified.
Outcomes	Primary outcomes ADHD symptoms Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale–IV (BAARS‐IV) Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale – Adult Version (BADDS) Quality of life ‐ ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire (AAQoL) Depression ‐ Beck Depression Inventory, second edition (BDI‐II) Anxiety ‐ Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
Notes	We contacted authors to get more information, but they had not responded at the time of writing. Study start date: not specified Study end date: not specified Funding source: University of Washington – Robert C Bolles Doctoral Research Fellowship Declarations of interest: the author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Comment: not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: it is not possible to blinding personnel in a psychosocial intervention.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: participants were assessed by an interviewer who was blind to participant condition.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "The intent‐to‐treat sample included 17 and 16 participants in the DBT group skills training and self‐guided SH, respectively. One participant dropped out of DBT after four sessions and did not complete the post‐treatment or follow‐up assessments; all other participants completed treatment and the three study assessments. Missing data from this participant were imputed conservatively using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method ... Two participants receiving DBT and one receiving SH had substantial ADHD medication changes during the study (> 25% change in dose or change in medication type). One participant in each treatment condition met four (rather than five) ADHD inattentive symptom criteria. All analyses were conducted with and without medication changes, and with and without participants who did not meet full DSM‐V criteria. The pattern of results did not differ; thus, results from the full intent‐to‐treat sample are reported."
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Comment: the study protocol is not available, but it is clear that the published reports include all expected outcomes, including those that were prespecified.
Other bias	Low risk	Quote: "This study cannot rule out therapist effects or non‐specific factors of group psychotherapy, although the latter concern is mitigated by the fact that response rates with SH approximate those of supportive group psychotherapy or similar control conditions in previous trials for adults with ADHD."
Conflict of interest	Low risk	Quote: "The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article."