Comparison 1. Beta‐blockers for prevention of ROP.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Rescue treatment with anti‐VEGF agents	3	366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.12, 0.86]
1.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.05, 1.10]
1.2 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.11, 1.50]
2 Treatment with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy	3	366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.32, 0.89]
2.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.35, 1.32]
2.2 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.19, 0.90]
3 Progression to stage 2 ROP with plus disease	2	161	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.03, 2.16]
3.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.01, 4.00]
3.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 7.82]
4 Progression to stage 3 ROP	2	161	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.37, 0.96]
4.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.34, 1.60]
4.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.28, 0.90]
5 Progression to stage 4 or 5 ROP	2	161	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
5.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.01, 1.96]
6 Nystagmus at six to 12 months' corrected age	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.64 [0.41, 6.51]
6.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.64 [0.41, 6.51]
7 Refractive error at six to 12 months' corrected age	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.28, 1.67]
7.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.28, 1.67]
8 Death before hospital discharge	2	161	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.30, 3.29]
8.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.31 [0.31, 5.58]
8.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.05, 5.18]
9 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	2	257	Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.07, 0.13]
9.1 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.07, 0.13]
10 Intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 to 4	3	366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.44, 2.26]
10.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.44, 2.26]
11 NEC stage 2 or higher	2	314	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.45 [0.50, 12.11]
11.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.45 [0.50, 12.11]
11.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	205	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12 Arterial hypotension requiring treatment	3	366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	7.0 [0.38, 129.11]
12.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
12.2 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	7.0 [0.38, 129.11]
13 Bradycardia requiring treatment	3	366	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	11.0 [0.64, 189.31]
13.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
13.2 Secondary prophylaxis	2	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	11.0 [0.64, 189.31]
14 Bronchospasm requiring treatment	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 70.42]
14.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	52	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.13, 70.42]
15 Hypoglycaemia (glucose level < 2.5mmol/L)	2	314	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.05 [0.32, 115.73]
15.1 Primary prophylaxis	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
15.2 Secondary prophylaxis	1	205	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.05 [0.32, 115.73]