Table 1.
Population differences by center cost
| Center Cost Groups |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Cost | High Cost | Total | p-value | |
| N=705 (32.7%) | N=1451 (67.3%) | N=2156 | ||
| Age | ||||
| <1 year | 210 (29.8%) | 462 (31.8%) | 672 (31.2%) | 0.562 |
| 1–5 years | 179 (25.4%) | 349 (24.1%) | 528 (24.5%) | |
| 6–10 years | 95 (13.5%) | 213 (14.7%) | 308 (14.3%) | |
| 11–17 years | 221 (31.3%) | 427 (29.4%) | 648 (30.1%) | |
| Diagnosis | 0.122 | |||
| Cardiomyopathy | 332 (47.4%) | 665 (46.4%) | 997 (46.7%) | |
| Congenital Heart Disease | 323 (46.1%) | 703 (49.1%) | 1026 (48.1%) | |
| Single ventricle lesion | 132 (40.9%) | 309 (44%) | 441 (43%) | 0.353 |
| Retransplant | 45 (6.4%) | 65 (4.5%) | 110 (5.2%) | |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 469 (66.5%) | 796 (54.9%) | 1265 (58.7%) | |
| African-American | 111 (15.7%) | 263 (18.1%) | 374 (17.3%) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 89 (12.6%) | 300 (20.7%) | 389 (18%) | |
| Other | 36 (5.1%) | 92 (6.3%) | 128 (5.9%) | |
| Male Gender | 396 (56.2%) | 786 (54.2%) | 1182 (54.8%) | 0.381 |
| Blood Type | ||||
| O | 324 (46%) | 655 (45.1%) | 979 (45.4%) | 0.213 |
| A | 242 (34.3%) | 551 (38%) | 793 (36.8%) | |
| B | 109 (15.5%) | 184 (12.7%) | 293 (13.6%) | |
| AB | 30 (4.3%) | 61 (4.2%) | 91 (4.2%) | |
| Status at Transplant | ||||
| 1A | 601 (85.2%) | 1251 (86.2%) | 1852 (85.9%) | |
| 1B | 72 (10.2%) | 141 (9.7%) | 213 (9.9%) | 0.81 |
| 2 | 32 (4.5%) | 59 (4.1%) | 91 (4.2%) | |
| ECMO at Transplant | 24 (3.4%) | 70 (4.8%) | 94 (4.4%) | 0.13 |
| VAD at Transplant | 128 (18.2%) | 301 (20.7%) | 429 (19.9%) | 0.158 |
| Ventilator at Transplant | 63 (8.9%) | 290 (20%) | 353 (16.4%) | <0.001 |
| Inotropes at Transplant | 349 (49.5%) | 746 (51.4%) | 1095 (50.8%) | 0.405 |
| Post-transplant iNO | 201 (28.6%) | 670 (46.2%) | 871 (40.4%) | <0.001 |
| Total Length of Stay (Days) | 46 (17 – 91) | 60 (25 – 116) | 54 (22 – 106) | <0.001 |
| Pre-transplant Length of Stay (Days) | 24 (1 – 66) | 28 (1 – 74) | 26 (1 – 71) | 0.03 |
| Post-transplant Length of Stay (Days) | 14 (10 – 25) | 22 (14 – 36) | 19 (12 – 33) | <0.001 |
| Waitlist time | 52 (22 – 106) | 51 (19 – 120) | 52 (20 – 114) | 0.575 |
| Outpatient prior to transplant | 227 (32.2%) | 402 (27.7%) | 629 (29.2%) | 0.031 |
| Post-Transplant ICU Days | 7 (5 – 14) | 13 (7 – 26) | 10 (6 – 22) | <0.001 |
| Post-Transplant Days on Ventilator | 3 (2 – 6) | 4 (2 – 11) | 3 (2 – 9) | <0.001 |
| Post-Transplant Complications | ||||
| Dialysis | 21 (3%) | 87 (6%) | 108 (5%) | 0.003 |
| Rejection Prior to Discharge | 80 (11.3%) | 200 (13.8%) | 280 (13%) | 0.114 |
| Stroke | 25 (3.6%) | 53 (3.7%) | 78 (3.6%) | 0.881 |
| Chylothorax | 41 (5.8%) | 87 (6%) | 128 (5.9%) | 0.868 |
| Cardiac Reoperation | 42 (8.3%) | 93 (8.7%) | 135 (8.6%) | 0.813 |
| Other Surgical Procedures | 60 (12%) | 166 (15.7%) | 226 (14.5%) | 0.054 |
| Chest tube >2 weeks | 30 (6%) | 122 (11.8%) | 152 (9.9%) | <0.001 |
| Post-transplant ECMO | 41 (5.8%) | 114 (7.9%) | 155 (7.2%) | 0.085 |
*
p-values from the chi square test for categorical and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables
Abbreviations: ECMO - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, iNO - inhaled nitric oxide, VAD - Ventricular assist device