Cheung 2014

Methods	Randomised controlled trial.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: symptomatic knee OA for ≥ 6 months, no previous yoga training, no current participation in a supervised exercise programme. Exclusion criteria: score < 8 on Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; symptoms of joint locking; use of knee brace, walking stick, walker or wheelchair; corticosteroid injection in symptomatic joint within 3 months or hyaluronic acid injection within 6 months of study entry; knee surgery in previous 2 years; joint replacement; self‐reported hypertension; heart condition or other condition with symptoms overlapping with OA. Sample: 36 community‐dwelling women, mean age 72 years, 18 allocated to IG and 18 to CG, 1 participant withdrew from each group. Country: US.
Interventions	Providers: programme developed by 5 certified/registered yoga teachers specifically for older adults with knee OA. All classes taught by same yoga teacher. Training: no specific training, but teacher had 10 years' experience. Setting: small classes (9 participants per class). Content: Hatha yoga. Length/intensity: 1 × 60‐minute class a week for 8 weeks, and instructed to practice for 30 minutes 4 times a week at home using printed instructions. Control: wait‐list control.
Outcomes	Outcomes at baseline; 4, 8 and 20 weeks: pain, stiffness and physical function (WOMAC); physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery); BMI; quality of sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index); self‐perceived quality of life (SF‐12 and Cantril‐Self‐Anchoring Ladder); enjoyment of programme (10‐point scale, with 10 = most enjoyable); difficulty of programme (10‐point scale, with 10 = extremely difficult); exercise adherence (percentage of sessions attended and percentage and number of practice sessions at home).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated random list of numbers from 1 to 36, allocated in the order of enrolment. An even computer‐generated number denoted allocation to the CG and an odd number to the IG.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Allocation carried out blinded.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants in wait list control, so no blinding. Low risk for personnel: research assistant enrolling participants and collecting outcome data blinded to group assignment.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Research assistant enrolling participants and collecting outcome data blinded to group assignment.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition: IG: 1 (5.6%); CG: 1 (5.6%).
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Results for all variables measured reported.
Other bias	Low risk