Fransen 2007

Methods	Randomised controlled trial.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: aged 59‐85 years, diagnosed with hip or knee OA using the ACR criteria and living current and chronic (>1 year) hip or knee pain hip or knee pain. Exclusion criteria: involved in recreational physical activity more than twice a week; inability to walk indoors without a walking aide; unstable cardiac conditions or severe pulmonary disease; incontinence, fear of water or uncontrolled epilepsy; low back pain referred to the lower limbs; joint replacement surgery in previous year; arthroscopic surgery or intra‐articular injections within previous 3 months; and current participation in Tai Chi or hydrotherapy. Country: Australia. Sample number: IG: 56; CG: 41. Mean age: 70 years. Progress Plus: 68% women.
Interventions	Provider(s): qualified Tai Chi Master. Training: yes. Setting: not stated. Content: 24 forms from the Sun style of Tai Chi and 10‐minute warm‐up session. Length/intensity: 1 session a week for 12 weeks. Control: waiting list.
Outcomes	At 12 weeks: pain (WOMAC); function (WOMAC); depression (HADS); anxiety (HADS).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated randomisation schedule, in blocks of 30.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Concealed in an offsite location.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Authors stated that trial involved a physical intervention, therefore participants were not blinded to treatment allocation.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding of outcome assessments.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Attrition: IG: 7.1% (4/56); CG: 0% (0/43). Lost to follow‐up: IG: 3 withdrew and 1 had knee surgery. ITT analysis.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All primary outcomes reported.
Other bias	Low risk	No other bias detected.