No of studies	Design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other	Certainty (overall score)
Outcome 4: Antenatal visits
2	Cluster RCT Controlled Before‐After	Bloom 2006: Serious (‐1) Downgraded by 1 for serious risk of bias. Baseline participant characteristics are not reported. Cristia 2015: Serious (‐1) Downgraded by 1 for serious risk of bias. The study is at a high risk of Other bias because the estimates of the effects correspond with a strengthened model of the intervention compared to the initial model.	No serious risk	No serious risk	Bloom 2006: No serious risk (95% CI ‐5.8% to 33.4%) calculating width: 5.8%+33.4%4 = the width = 39.2% = not imprecise Cristia 2015: No serious risk number of women with visit (95% CI ‐53%; 43.8%) calculating width: 53.0%+43.8% = the width = 96.8% = not imprecise visit professional (95% CI ‐22.5%;56.7%) calculating width: 22.5%+56.7% = the width = 79.2% = not imprecise ≥ 3 visits (95% CI ‐16.1%; 70.9%) calculating width: 16.1%+70.9% = the width = 87.0% = not imprecise	No serious risk	Moderatec Downgraded by 1 because of serious RoB
Outcome 5: Female use of contraceptives
2	Cluster RCT Controlled Before‐After	Bloom 2006: Serious (‐1) Downgraded by 1 for serious risk of bias. Baseline participant characteristics are not reported. Cristia 2015: Serious (‐1) Downgraded by 1 for serious risk of bias. The study is at a high risk of Other bias because the estimates of the effects correspond with a strengthened model of the intervention compared to the initial model.	No serious risk	No serious risk	Bloom 2006: No serious risk (95% CI ‐7.4%; 4.4%) calculating width: 7.4%+4.4% = the width = 11.8% = not imprecise Cristia 2015: No serious risk (95% CI ‐11.6% to 15.4%) calculating width: 11.6%+15.4% = the width = 27.0% = not imprecise	No serious risk	Moderatec Downgraded by 1 because of serious RoB
Outcome 6: Individual healthcare expenditures
1	Cluster RCT	Serious (‐1) Downgraded by 1 for serious risk of bias. Baseline participant characteristics are not reported.	No serious risk	No serious risk	No serious risk (95% CI $ ‐35.93 to $ ‐15.855); calculating width: $ 35.93‐$ 15.855 = the width = $ 20.075 = is not imprecise as it refers to $.	No serious risks	Moderated Downgraded by 1 because of serious RoB
Outcome 7: Equity in the use of public healthcare services
1	Cluster RCT	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed	Not assessed