Comparison 2. Comparative studies: number of participants with non‐serious adverse events.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Central nervous system: sleep‐related adverse events	3		Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Insomnia and sleep problems	3	425	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.58 [1.24, 5.34]
1.2 Nightmares	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.41, 3.21]
1.3 Snoring	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.62 [0.25, 86.72]
1.4 Non‐breathing or gasping while sleeping	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.77 [0.12, 61.65]
1.5 Sleepwalking	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.75 [0.33, 22.69]
1.6 Various sleep positions	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.77 [0.12, 61.65]
1.7 Enuresis	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.62 [0.25, 86.72]
1.8 Talking in sleep	1	23	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.05, 4.38]
2 Central nervous system: other specific sleep‐related adverse events	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Number of hours sleep	1	10	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐1.32, 0.02]
2.2 Number of nocturnal movements	1	10	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐27.84 [‐57.90, 2.22]
2.3 Sleep quality	1	10	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.74, 0.34]
3 Central nervous system: other specific adverse events	1		Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Headache	1	235	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	8.13 [0.48, 137.74]
3.2 Dizziness	1	335	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	4.00 [0.23, 69.27]
4 Cardiovascular and respiratory system	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Systolic blood pressure	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐6.27, 6.47]
4.2 Diastolic blood pressure	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	3.50 [‐1.42, 8.42]
4.3 Pulse rate	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [‐7.95, 9.15]
5 Gastrointestinal system	1		Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Nausea	1	335	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.64 [0.34, 20.29]
5.2 Abdominal pain	1	335	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.16, 3.84]
5.3 Decreased appetite	1	335	Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)	15.06 [2.12, 106.83]
6 Musculoskeletal system	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Height	2	93	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.93 [‐2.61, 0.75]
6.2 Weight	2	93	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐1.16, 0.62]
7 Musculoskeletal system: body mass index (BMI)	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.60 [‐2.96, ‐0.24]
8 Musculoskeletal system: z scores	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 Height z score	1	275	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.43, 0.05]
8.2 Weight z score	1	275	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.30, 0.16]
8.3 BMI z score	1	275	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.22, 0.24]