Rapport 1996.

Methods	Patient report of 2 6‐year‐old dizygotic twins with ADHD and ODD treated with methylphenidate
Participants	ADHD diagnosis: DSM‐III‐R at time of examination. Authors state that both would have achieved the then new DSM‐IV diagnoses of ADHD combined type at the time of publication. Age: 6 years old IQ: 100 and 93 Sex: 2 girls, dizygotic twins Ethnicity: mixed white/Japanese Country: USA Comorbidity: ODD (100%) Comedication: not stated Sociodemographics: low socioeconomic status
Interventions	Methylphenidate type: immediate release methylphenidate Methylphenidate dosage: 4 doses: 5 mg (0.29 mg/kg), 10 mg (0.58 m/kg), 15 mg (0.87 mg/kg), 20 mg (1.16 mg/kg), placebo. Both children received each of the 4 methylphenidate doses Administration schedule: administration "was intentionally counterbalanced to allow for direct contrasts between no‐dose and moderate dose conditions (placebo vs 10 mg), low and high dose conditions (5 mg vs 15 mg) and identical high dose conditions (20 mg) between the 2 children Duration of intervention: not stated Treatment compliance: not stated
Outcomes	None of the active treatment conditions (methylphenidate and attentional training) resulted in higher frequency or greater severity of complaints compared to baseline Non‐serious adverse events: Measures: Side Effects Rating Scale (SERS) 1 girl experienced moderate to severe stomach discomfort approximately 60 minutes post‐ingestion of her scheduled 15 mg dose. This was attributed to her failure to eat lunch earlier (reported by parent). Decrease of distress followed ingestion of a sandwich after 30 minutes
Notes	Funding/vested interest: not stated Key conclusions of the study authors: brief mention should be made of the relative absence of emergent symptoms found in the present study. Although side effects are frequently reported in children undergoing psychostimulant trials (often as a function of increasing dosage), severity is typically mild, and it is advisable to gauge both frequency and severity against a placebo control owing to the high base rate of physical complaints reported by children with ADHD