Zelnik 2015.

Methods	A naturalistic study of osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate use for ≥ 1 year
Participants	Number of participants included: 128 Diagnosis of ADHD: DSM‐IV (subtype: not stated) Age: mean: not stated (range 7‐17) IQ: patients with intellectual disabilities were excluded Sex: 83 males, 40 females Methylphenidate‐naïve: not stated, but all were newly diagnosed Ethnicity: not stated Country: Israel Comorbidity: anxiety 27.2‐46.8%, depression 1.2‐9.7%, all psychiatric comorbidities 48.1%‐74.5% Comedication: no Sociodemographics: not stated Inclusion criteria: Diagnosis of ADHD evaluated at the Clalit Health Services ADHD neuropaediatric clinic in Haifa with DSM IV‐TR criteria Exclusion criteria: Excluded were patients with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, static encephalopathy (such as cerebral palsy) and children with severe psychiatric conditions that required chronic medication with anti‐psychotic drugs Patients who were referred to our clinic for second opinion and/or were already diagnosed with ADHD were also excluded
Interventions	Methylphenidate type: group I: lower dose OROS + short acting formulation; group II: OROS Mean methylphenidate dosage: group I: 0.83 SD 0.21 mg/kg; group II: 1.06 SD 0.29 mg/kg Administration schedule: group I: not stated; group II: OROS once daily Duration of intervention: ≥ 1 year Treatment compliance: not stated
Outcomes	In the present study data were retrospectively collected of all the patients that were treated with OROS methylphenidate and characterised the clinical characteristics of those who tolerated it well in comparison with those that better tolerated lower doses of OROS methylphenidate together with shorter acting methylphenidate, offering them a more potent level during school hours while lessening the effect during the afternoon and evening hours
Notes	Sample calculation: not stated Ethics approval: yes Funding/vested interest: no Authors' affiliations: none Key conclusions of the study authors: while OROS methylphenidate and other long‐acting methylphenidate formulations prove beneficial for most children and adolescents with ADHD, some patients (mostly those with psychiatric comorbidities) might sometimes better tolerate a lower OROS methylphenidate dose combined with short‐acting methylphenidate formulation. Additional larger‐scale prospective studies are required to validate our preliminary observation Exclusion of methylphenidate non‐responders/children who have previously experienced adverse events on methylphenidate: not stated