Comparison 2. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) versus placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Subjective measure of sleep quality	4	518	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.56, ‐0.21]
2 Subjective total sleep time	2		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 End of follow‐up	2	469	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	31.68 [‐12.40, 75.77]
2.2 4‐week follow‐up	2	469	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	22.98 [‐4.98, 50.93]
3 Adverse events	6	812	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.02 [0.86, 1.21]
4 Sleep latency	4	510	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐4.27 [‐9.01, 0.48]
5 Sleep efficiency	4	510	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.29 [3.17, 9.41]
6 Total sleep time	4	510	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	22.88 [13.17, 32.59]
7 Waking time after sleep onset	3	473	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐14.63 [‐25.99, ‐3.27]
8 Rapid eye movement latency latency	2	77	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	26.37 [7.94, 44.80]