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. 2019 May 1;10:2022. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10084-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Ionic-liquid-promoted CO₂ reduction to C₁–C₃ hydrocarbons using a plasmonic Au nanoparticle (NP) photocatalyst. a UV−vis extinction spectrum of a colloid of the Au NPs used for preparation of the photocatalyst film. The spectrum exhibits a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band centered around 520 nm, as indicated by the dotted line. b Scheme for CO₂ conversion on plasmon-excited Au NPs promoted by an ionic liquid, EMIM-BF₄. A continuous-wave (CW) laser of a wavelength of 532 nm and intensity of 1 W cm^–2 was used as the light source for photoexcitation of Au NPs. EMIM-BF₄ stabilizes CO₂ and resulting adsorbates/intermediates on the photoexcited Au surface. c Turnover frequencies of hydrocarbon products formed in the CO₂RR plotted as a function of the EMIM-BF₄ concentration (mol%). The CO₂ conversion activity peaks at 5 mol% of EMIM-BF₄. d Hydrocarbon product selectivity as a function of EMIM-BF₄ concentration (mol%). Each data point in c and d is the average of results from three identical trials and the error bar represents the SD of these measurements