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. 2019 May 1;9:6788. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43210-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine expression by bat CD4⁺ T cells measured by Flow-FISH in vaccinated Myotis lucifugus that survived challenge with Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). Bats had been vaccinated with raccoon poxviruses (RCN) expressing calnexin and serine protease (RCN-CAL/RCN-SP) via intramuscular (IM; n = 8) or oral (n = 7) administration, or sham vaccinated with RCN expressing luciferase (RCN-luc; n = 3). Bat splenocytes were stimulated with PDBu and ionomycin for 2 hours for RNA detection by Flow-FISH. Dot plots and histograms represent concatenates and averages of three to eight bats per group.