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. 2019 May 1;9:6768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43150-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Normal behavior and learning in CAR KO mice. (A,B) Open field test. (A) Activity of adult CAR KO and control mice during the first 3 minutes after entering a new cage is similar between groups. Both knockout and control mice spend ~20% of their first 3 minutes in the center of the cage versus the periphery (CON, n = 7; KO, n = 14). (B) Activity of both groups with 24 h. (C) Context-fear-conditioning to test associated learning. Cue: conditioned stimulus (tone), context: unconditioned stimulus (foot shock). Recognition of unconditioned (context) and conditioned stimulus (sound) was similar in control and KO mice as detected by increase in freezing (CON, n = 18; KO, n = 17). (D) Barnes Maze as a test for spatial memory. Primary latency as parameters of learning decreased with time at similar rated in KO and control mice from training day 1 to 4 and the experimental days 5 and 10 (CON, n = 18; KO, n = 17). (E) Learning phase (day 1–4) of the Barnes maze test - control versus knockout mice. (F) Number of pokes into the target hole (T), holes 1 to 9 towards the left, holes −1 to −9 towards the right, and the opposite hole (O) are unchanged between KO and controls at day 5 (CON, n = 18; KO, n = 17).