Table 1.

Effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of citral on the transcription of virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802.

Target gene	Sequence of primers (5′-3′) c	Relative gene expression
		12.5 μg/ml	6.25 μg/ml
puvA	F, CAAACTCACTCAGACTC R, CGAACCGATTCAACAC	1	1
tolc	F, CGCAACTCGTCGCCTAT R, TGTCTTGTTCGCTTAGTGTACCA	−3.05 ± 0.41 **	−1.12 ± 0.32 **
fla	F, AGATCGGTTTTGGTGATGC R, CGTTGGCTGTCTACTGATTTAAG	−1.85 ± 0.19 **	−1.17 ± 0.03 **
atpA	F, CGATGATCTATCTAAACAAGCGG R, TAAGTAGAATACGTCACCTGGGA	−1.46 ± 0.43 **	−1.26 ± 0.04 **
nusA	F, TGTTTATCACTCGTTCTAAGCCT R, GTTTGTCATTTGTTTTCACTGCG	−2.18 ± 0.28 **	−1.45 ± 0.12 **
flaA	F, CGGACTAAACCGTATCGCTGAAA R, GGCTGCCCATAGAAAGCATTACA	−9.27 ± 1.05 **	−2.24 ± 0.14 *
flgL	F, CGTCAGCGTCCACCACTT R, GCGGCTCTGACTTACTGCTA	−1.35 ± 0.48 **	−1.27 ± 0.37 **
flgM	F, CGTCAGCGTCCACCACTT R, GCGGCTCTGACTTACTGCTA	−1.57 ± 0.48 **	−1.52 ± 0.03 **
dld	F, TTATCCCGCATGAAGACCC R, CCGATGATACCACCGCC	−2.06 ± 0.07 **	−1.35 ± 0.04 **
luxS	F, GGATTTTGTTCTGGCTTTCCACTT R, GGGATGTCGCACTGGTTTTTAC	−9.17 ± 2.01 **	−6.46 ± 1.41 **
ompW	F, TCGTGTCACCAAGTGTTTTCG R, CGTGGCTGAATGGTGTTGC	−5.51 ± 0.49 **	−1.38 ± 0.12 **
vopQ	F, CCACAAGTTTGCTTCGGTTAG R, GGTTCTCCTCGGTAGCCTGA	−2.53 ± 0.22 **	−2.34 ± 0.05 **
vp0950	F, GCCAAACTTCTCAAACAACA R, ATGAAACGCAATTTACCATC	−10.64 ± 0.63 **	−3.50 ± 0.31 **
vp0952	F, TATGATGGTGTTTGGTGC R, TGTTTTTCTGAGCGTTTC	−2.43 ± 0.18 **	−1.49 ± 0.06 **
vp0962	F, GACCAAGACCCAGTGAGA R, GGTAAAGCCAGCAAAGTT	−5.74 ± 0.84 **	−1.46 ± 0.22
vpA0450	F, TTGCTGAAGGCTCTGATG R, CTGCACTGGCTTATGGTC	−2.79 ± 0.51 **	−1.93 ± 0.19 **
aphA	F, ACACCCAACCGTTCGTGATG R, GTTGAAGGCGTTGCGTAGTAAG	−1.21 ± 0.38 **	−1.17 ± 0.02 **
toxR	F, ACAATGACGCCTCTGCTAAT R, ACTCACCAATCTGACGGAACT	−2.87 ± 0.87 **	−1.82 ± 0.15 **

^* p ≤ 0.05;

^** p ≤ 0.01;

^cF, forward; R, reverse.