Table 1.

  Model parameters used in simulations

Model	Parameter	Value	Simulation	Source
Stem cell dynamics	Randomization rate, R	2.5e–4/s	2D/3D	Fitted
	Stem cell state fluctuation strength, σ0	0.15	2D	Fitted
	Differentiation threshold, αd (αs= 1 – αd)	0.85	2D/3D	Set
	Minimal number of neighbours, Nc	6	3D	Set
	Transition rate, W 0	0.01/s	3D	Fitted
	Transition threshold, αc	0.15, 0.5, 0.85	3D	Set
Individual cell‐based model	Minimal cell radius, R 0	8 µm	2D/3D	Measured
	Minimal cell volume, V 0	V(R 0)	2D/3D
	Proliferation rate, r	1.5–2.1/day*	2D	Fitted
	Young modulus, E	450 Pa	2D/3D	34
	Contact inhibition threshold, Fc	1 × 10−9 N	2D/3D	Fitted
	Poisson ratio, ν	0.4	2D/3D	35
	Friction constant, ηij	3 × 107 Ns/m3	2D/3D	Set
	Cellular diffusion coefficient, DC	4 × 10−12 cm2/s	2D/3D	36
	Cell–cell anchorage, ɛ	6 × 10−5 N/m	2D/3D	37
	Cell–substrate anchorage, ɛ	6 × 10−5 N/m	2D	37
Diffusion	Oxygen diffusion coefficient, D O2	0.175 × 10−9 m2/s	3D	38
	Oxygen consumption rate, C O2	30–65 fmol/cell/h	3D	32, 33, 38

2D, two‐dimensional; 3D, three‐dimensional. *The fit of the CFU‐F data was achieved assuming a proliferation rate for all cells of 1.5/day for 20% pO₂ and a 1:1 mixture of cells with proliferation rates of 1.5/day and 2.1/day for 5% pO₂.