TABLE 1.

Genetic identification of yeast strains isolated from ancient vessels^a

Isolate (common name)b	NCBI accession no.	Site	Period	Vessel type	Culture	Closest relative	Status	LSU rRNAc		Phylogenomic treed		Whole-genome BLASTe		Relation to fermented beverages	Reference(s)
								Tree distance	P value (known sp.)	Position	Node support (BP)f	Match	Scaffold propg
EBEgT12 (T12)	SAMN08918525	Ein-Besor, North Negev	EB IB	Putative fermented liquid container	Egyptian	N. delphensish	sp. nov.	0.023	0.02	Very similar, sister node of N. delphensis	100	N. delphensis	>0.9	Isolated from dry figs and identified in screen for ethanol- fermenting yeast	40, 88, 89
EBEgB8 (B8)	SAMN08915826	Ein-Besor, North Negev	EB IB	Putative fermented liquid container	Egyptian	N. delphensish		NA	NA	Very similar, sister node of N. delphensis		N. delphensis	0.5	Isolated from dry figs and identified in screen for ethanol- fermenting yeast	40, 88, 89
TLVEgRD4 (Red4)	SAMN08918530	Hamasger St., Tel Aviv	EB IB	Putative fermented liquid container	Egyptian	R. glutinis	Conspecific	2 × 10−6	1	NA	NA	NA	NA	Isolated from locally fermented beverages sold in Nigeria; known as a beer contaminant	43
TZPlpvs7 (PVS7)	SAMN08918531	Tell es-Safi/ Gath	Iron IIA	Putative beer jug	Philistine	Debaryomycetaceae sp.	sp. nov., putative	NA	NA	Nested within Debaryomycetaceae, very distantly related to Priceomyces	100	Debaryomycetaceae	0.9	Found in African traditional beers brewed with sorghum malt	44, 45
TZPlpvs2 (PVS2)	SAMN08918658	Tell es-Safi/ Gath	Iron IIA	Putative beer jug	Philistine	S. cerevisiae	Conspecific	NA	NA	Within S. cerevisiae	100	S. cerevisiae	0.6	Main brewing yeast	41
RRPrTmd13 (Temed)	SAMN08918675	Ramat Rachel, Jerusalem	Persian	Mead container	Persian	H. burtoniii	sp. nov., putative	NA	NA	Very similar, sister node of H. burtonii	100	H. burtonii	>0.95	Isolated from tej, an Ethiopian honey wine	22, 46

^aShown is a summary of the phylogenetic identification of the yeast strains isolated from ancient putative beverage vessels and the source, site, and period of the vessels.

^bStrains’ systematic nomenclature. The first letters represent the archaeological site: EB, Ein-Besor; TLV, Tel Aviv; Tz, Tell es-Safi (known also as Tel Zafit); and RR, Ramat Rachel. The next two letters denote the culture that produced the vessel: Eg, Egyptian; Pl, Philistine; and Pr, Persian. The last letters and number keep the common short name originally given to the yeast strain in the lab, mentioned also in parentheses after the full names.

^c“LSU rRNA” represents the patristic distance (substitutions per base) between the isolate and its closest relative, given with the probability that this is an intraspecific tree distance.

^dShown is the phylogenetic position of the isolate in the phylogenomic tree, provided with the branch support of this relationship. Node supports are bootstrap percentages.

^eShown are the closest BLAST match of most contigs and the proportion of contigs that are assigned to this match. See the supplemental material for description of percentages of identities of the closest matches.

^f“Node support (BP)” represents the percentage of the bootstrap tree that had the same topology as the maximum likelihood tree for a given node.

^g“Scaffold prop” represents the proportion of scaffolds that had the taxon as their first BLAST hit.

^hNakaseomyces delphensis has the following synonyms: Saccharomyces delphensis, Dekkeromyces delphensis, Guilliermondella delphensis, Kluyveromyces delphensis, and Zygofabospora delphensis (40, 90; http://www.mycobank.org/name/Nakaseomyces%20delphensis).

ⁱHyphopichia burtonii has the following synonyms: Pichia burtonii, Endomycopsis burtonii Boidin, Candida armeniaca-cornusmas, Candida fibrae Nakase, Cladosporium fermentans, Sporotrichum anglicum, Sporotrichum carougeaui, Trichosporon behrendii, and Trichosporon beijingense (http://www.mycobank.org/Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=36231&Fields=All).