Table 2:

Neurological disorders associated with RBD in adults

Neurological disorder	Nature of association	Reference
Parkinson’s disease	Approximately 50% with PD have RBD May be associated with more rapid motor progression + cognitive dysfunction Bilateral cingulum and inferior occipital fasciculus alterations	(Iranzo, Molinuevo et al. 2006) (Gagnon 2002) (Sixel-Doring 2011)
Dementia with Lewy bodies	Cognitive deficits reported in RBD are seen mostly in patients with dementia risk Cognitive tests assessing attention and executive functions are useful in early detection of DLB in RBD patients	(Ferman TJ 2011) (Boeve, Silber et al. 1998)
Multiple system atrophy	Present in the majority of cases	(Iranzo 2005)
Pure autonomic failure	Possible association with risk of developing MSA	(Plazzi, Cortelli et al. 1998)
Progressive supranuclear palsy	Reported in a minority of cases	(De Cock, Lannuzel et al. 2007) (Munhoz and Teive 2014)
Guadeloupian atypical parkinsonism	Present in the majority of indivuduals (single small study)	(De Cock, Lannuzel et al. 2007)
Huntington’s disease	Anecdotally reported: conflicting reports exist	(Lo Coco 2009)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Anecdotally reported: case study describing two siblings with familial ALS	(Ebben 2012) (Lo Coco 2009)
Alzheimer’s disease	Anecdotally reported: rare RSWA may be more commonly seen	(Lo Coco 2009)
Guillain-Barre syndrome	Anecdotally reported: in some cases resolved with neurological recovery	(Schenck 1986) (Cochen 2005)
Stroke	Anecdotally reported: reported in brainstem infarcts	(Culebras 1989) (Kimura 2000) (Xi 2009) (Provini 2004)
Tumor	Anecdotally reported: reported in brainstem tumors	(Zambelis 2002) (Schenck 2002)
Demyelinating disorders	Anecdotally reported: seen in context of brainstem lesions RBD can be the first sign of multiple sclerosis	(Plazzi 2002) (Tippmann-Peikert 2006) (Gomez-Choco 2007)
Inflammatory lesions	Anecdotally reported: single case report Small MRI hypointensities found in pontine tegmentum and dorsal medulla, suggesting post-inflammatory lesions that persisted between acute episodes	(Limousin 2009)
Limbic encephalitis	Anecdotally reported. Data from animal studies suggest the limbic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of RBD, particularly the amygdala.	(Manni 2011) (Compta 2007) (Lin 2009)
PTSD	Anecdotally reported. Hypothesized that increased noradrenaline turnover can result from repeated traumas, which then may result in its depletion in locus coeruleus, which may, in turn, inhibit cholinergic laterodorsal tegmentum nucleus	(Husain 2001)
Narcolepsy with cataplexy	50% exhibit RSWA RBD in narcolepsy tends to occur at a much younger age than in idiopathic RBD	(Olson 2000) (Ferri 2008) (Mattarozzi 2008) (Nightingale 2005) (Schenck 1992) (Dauvilliers 2007)