Figure 1.

  Heterotopic rectus abdominis and orthotopic calvarial implantation designs for bone induction and morphogenesis by doses of recombinant human transforming growth factor‐β2 (hTGF‐β2). (a) Heterotopic intramuscular model and implantation design in the rectus abdominis muscle. Quadruplicate samples of 5 and 25 μg hTGF‐β2 are implanted, along with four specimens additionally treated with morcellized fragments of autogenous temporalis muscle (blue arrows). (b) The calvarial Latin block design results in the ipsilateral implantation of 100 and 250 μg hTGF‐β2 reconstituted with insoluble collagenous bone matrix with a balanced distribution between anterior and posterior defects with a total of eight 100 and eight 250 μg hTGF‐β2 osteogenic implants in four animals at two time periods. Two hTGF‐β2 specimens per animal are additionally treated with morcellized fragments of autogenous rectus abdominis muscle (blue arrows).