Table 1.

Stem cell and regenerative approaches

A. Cell therapy

Example: Deliver a cell such as mesenchymal stem cell, multipotent adult progenitor cell, or umbilical cord stem cell intravenously or by stereotactic injection into the brain in stroke; transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cell in spinal cord injury

B. Combination of cell and gene therapy

Example: Transplantation of neural stem cell expressing transgene such as glial‐derived neurotrophic factor for Parkinson's disease

C. Enhance endogenous neurogenesis and repair

Examples: Erythropoietin, granulocyte stimulating factor (G‐CSF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in stroke; use of dopamine D3 agonists in Parkinson's disease

D. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Example: Unrelated human umbilical cord transplant in Krabbe's disease, Hurler's disease

E. Autologous hemtopoietic stem cell transplantation

Example: Autologous HSCT in patients with early multiple sclerosis

F. Inhibiting myelin‐associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration

Example: Nogo inhibitors in stroke, spinal cord injury