Figure 5.

Cell–cell contact was required for improved immunomodulatory properties of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMMSC s) by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide ( Pg‐ LPS ) pre‐treatment. BMMSCs pre‐treated with Pg‐LPS (0.1 μg/ml) for 12 h were cultured with activated splenocytes (SP) cells at 1:1 ratio for 48 h with or without transwells, then assayed for apoptosis of activated T cells (a), nitrate production (b) and iNOS expression of BMMSCs (c). Results are representative of three independent experiments expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4; statistical significance is shown as (*) P < 0.05. LPS, lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas gingivalis.