Figure 1.

Dose‐dependent cytotoxicity of clove oil (1 h exposure) to HMEC‐1 endothelial cells, HNDF fibroblasts and 153BR fibroblasts as determined by the NR assay. Following exposure to the oil, the medium was replaced with NR‐containing medium for 3 h, which was then removed and the cells were fixed with 1% CaCl₂–0.5% formaldehyde. Cells were then lysed with 1% v/v acetic acid – 50% v/v ethanol to extract the dye, incubated for 10 min at room temperature, and read at 540 nm. Error bars indicate the standard deviation (n > 16).