Table 2.
Medication use pre- and post-TPIG
| Medication | No. of Participants (%) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | |
| Paracetamol (any form/combination) | 92 (51.7) | 88 (49.4) |
| Paracetamol sustained release dose >500 mg | 32 (18.0) | 41 (23.0) |
| Paracetamol >1 product | 14 (7.9) | 1 (0.6) |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 62 (34.8) | 77 (43.3) |
| Oral/suppository* | 43 (24.2) | 58 (32.6) |
| Topical | 0 (0.0) | 36 (20.2) |
| Ibuprofen + codeine combination | 24 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| Opioids | 123 (69.1) | 134 (75.3) |
| Buprenorphine | 9 (5.1) | 38 (21.3) |
| Codeine and codeine-containing formulations | 79 (44.4) | 2 (1.1) |
| Fentanyl | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) |
| Morphine | 10 (5.6) | 22 (12.4) |
| Oxycodone and oxycodone-containing formulations | 48 (27.0) | 7 (3.9) |
| Tramadol | 8 (4.5) | 29 (16.3) |
| Tapentadol | 0 (0.0) | 50 (28.1) |
| Other–dextropropoxyphene, hydromorphone, methadone | 5 (2.8) | 3 (1.7) |
| Benzodiazepines | 49 (27.5) | 15 (8.4) |
| Short acting (alprazolam, temazepam) | 14 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Long acting (clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam) | 38 (21.3) | 15 (8.4) |
| Zolpidem/zopiclone | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.1) |
| Adjuvants | ||
| Muscle relaxants (only baclofen, orphenadrine, or orphenadrine combinations) | 3 (1.7) | 67 (37.6) |
| Gabapentin/pregabalin | 32 (18.0) | 75 (42.1) |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 14 (7.9) | 3 (1.7) |
| Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors | 12 (6.7) | 47 (26.4) |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 29 (16.3) | 61 (34.3) |
| None | 26 (14.6) | 2 (1.1) |
TPIG = Turning Pain Into Gain program.
*
Excludes ibuprofen + codeine combinations.