Table 3.

PSEQ results before and after TPIG

Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire	0 Months		8 Months*		P Value
	Mean†	SD	Mean†	SD
I can enjoy things, despite the pain.	2.9	(1.3)	3.8	(1.1)	<0.001
I can do most of the household chores, despite the pain.	2.8	(1.6)	3.7	(1.2)	<0.001
I can socialize with my friends or family members as often as I used to do, despite the pain.	2.5	(1.6)	3.7	(1.2)	<0.001
I can cope with my pain in most situations.	2.7	(1.4)	3.7	(1.2)	<0.001
I can do some form of work, despite the pain.	2.4	(1.5)	3.5	(1.3)	<0.001
I can still do many of the things I enjoy doing, such as hobbies or leisure activity, despite the pain.	2.1	(1.4)	3.4	(1.3)	<0.001
I can cope with my pain without medication.	1.4	(1.6)	3.4	(1.3)	<0.001
I can still accomplish most of my goals in life, despite the pain.	2.0	(1.4)	3.3	(1.1)	<0.001
I can live a normal lifestyle, despite the pain.	2.0	(1.5)	3.4	(1.3)	<0.001
I can gradually become more active, despite the pain.	2.3	(1.5)	3.4	(1.2)	<0.001
Total	23.1‡	(11.1)	35.3‡	(9.2)	<0.001

PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; TPIG = Turning Pain Into Gain program.

^*Refers to responses gathered immediately after the TPIG.

^†A score of 1 represents the worst possible outcome, and 5 represents the best.

^‡Maximum total score obtainable is 60.